Glossary for Bede's account of the conversion of King Edwin

A

ac conj.: but, however, but on the contrary, and

acsian wk verb: ask
ahsode 3rd pers sing pret indic

aidligan wk verb: render useless, profane

alyfan str verb: permit, allow
alyfed past part

an adj: a, an, one, only

andettan str verb: confess
andette, ondette 1st/3rd pers sing pres/pret indic

andswarian wk verb: answer
andswarode, ondsworede 3rd pers sing pret indic

andweard adj: present
andwearde nom sing neut

aweorpan str verb: throw away, discard
awearp 3rd pers sing pret indic

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Æ

æfæstnes fem noun: religion

æfterfylgan str verb: follow, come after
æfterfylige 3rd pers sing pres subj

ægðer pronoun: both, each
æghwæþer ge... ge both... and

ænig adj: any
ænige acc sing fem
ænigre gen sing fem

ær adv: before, previously

ærest adv: first

æt prep: at, from

ætsomne adv: together

ætywan wk verb: show, point out
æteawed past part

æðeling masc noun: prince
æðelingum dat pl

ætywan str verb: appear, show
ætyweð 3rd pers sing pres indic

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B

biddan str verb: ask, bid
bæd 3rd pers sing pret indic

bæð neut noun: bath
bæðe dat sing

be prep: about, by

began: practise, perform
beeode 1st pers sing pret indic
beeodon, beeodan, bieodon pl pret indic

begeondan prep: beyond

betera adj (compar of god): better
beteran acc pl neut

beon anom verb: be
is 3rd pers sing pres indic
bið 3rd pers sing pres indic
sie 3rd pers sing pres subj
syndon pl pres indic
wæran pl pret subj
wæron pl pret indic
wære 2nd pers sing pret subj
wæs 3rd pers sing pret indic

bigong: masc noun: worship, service
bigange dat sing
bigonges gen sing

bisceop, biscop masc noun: bishop, high priest
biscope dat sing

bodian wk verb: preach
bodad past part
bodade 3rd pers sing pret indic

brengan str verb: bring
brenge 3rd pers sing pres subj

bryhtm masc noun: blink

butan/buton prep: without, except

bysen fem noun exemplar, original, example, pattern
bysene dat sing

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C

Cefi prop noun: Cefi

clipian wk verb: call, summon, cry out
clypode 3rd pers sing pret indic

Crist proper noun: Christ
Criste dat sing
Cristes gen sing

cuman: strong verb come
cume 3rd pers sing pres subj
cymeð 3rd pers sing pres indic

cunnan pret-pres verb: know, know how to, can
cunnun pl pres indic

cuðlic adj: certain
cuðlicre compar acc sing

cuðlice adv: certainly, clearly

cweðan str verb: say
cwæð 3rd pers sing pret indic

cyning masc noun: king
cyninges gen sing

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D

deofolgild neut noun: devilish idol
deofolgilda gen pl
deofolgildum/deofulgeldum dat pl
deofolgyld acc sing

Deorwente fem noun: the Derwent River
Deorwentan dat sing

don anom verb: do, make, take
dyde 3rd pers sing pret indic

duru fem noun: door

dysignes fem noun: folly
dysignesse acc/dat sing

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E

ea fem noun: river

ealdorbisceop masc noun: high priest

ealdormann masc noun: nobleman, ruler
aldormen nom pl

eall adj.: all
ealle nom pl masc
eallum dat pl masc
ealne acc sing masc

eallinga adv: utterly

eadignes fem noun: blessedness, bliss
eadignesse gen sing

Eadwine prop noun: Edwin

eage neut noun: eye
eagan gen sing

ealdorman masculine noun: nobleman, ruler
ealdormannum dative plural

east adv: east

efne adv: even, only

eft adv: again, afterwards, thereupon, back

ece adj: eternal, everlasting
eces gen sing neut
ecre gen sing fem

elcor adv: otherwise

endlyfta adj: eleventh
endlyftan instr sing neut

Eoforwicceastre fem noun: the city of York

eorðe fem noun: earth
eorðan dat sing

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F

fæc neut noun: interval
fæce dat sing

fæste adv: firmly, fast

fæstlice: adv: steadfastly, firmly, steadily

gefeon str verb: rejoice
gefeonde pres part

feor adj: far

gefera masc noun: companion, comrade
geferan acc sing

feran wk verb: set out, proceed, go, fare
ferde 3rd pers sing pret indic

folc neut noun: folk, people
folce dat sing

fon str verb: catch, seize
feng 3rd pers sing pret indic;
fon to spræce: take the floor; begin to speak

forbærnan str verb: burn, burn up
forbærnen pl pres subj

fordon anom verb: destroy
fordyde 3rd pers sing pret indic

foregangan str verb: precede
foregange 3rd pers sing pres subj

foresprecan str verb: say before
foresprecenan past part dat sing masc: aforementioned

forleosan str verb: destroy
forleosen pl pres subj

forðon (ðe) conj: therefore, because, and so, wherefore

fram, from prep: from

fremsumnes fem noun: benefit
fremsumnesse acc pl

freond masc noun: friend
freondum dat pl

frignan str verb: ask,inquire
frignende pres part

fultumian wk verb: help, support

fulwiht fem noun: baptism
fulwihte gen sing

fylgan str verb: follow
fylgen pl pres subj

fyr neut noun: fire
fyre dat sing

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G

gear neut noun: year
geare instr sing

geare adv: readily

giefu feminine noun: gift
gefe acc sing

gen adv: yet, again, still

geornlice adv: eagerly, zealously
geornlicor compar

gif conj: if

god neut noun: (pagan) god, God
godo nom pl
goda gen pl
Gode dat sing
Godes gen sing

Godmundingaham masc noun: "the place of the protection of either God or the (pagan) gods," now Goodmanham, Yorkshire

godcundnes fem noun: divinity, divine nature, divine service
godcundnesse gen sing

geo/gu adv: formerly, of old

giefu feminine noun: gift
gyfe acc sing

gyrdan str verb: gird
gyrde 3rd pers sing pret subj

giet/gyt adv: yet, still

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H

habban weak verb: have, hold
hafað 3rd pers sing pres indic
hæbbe 1st pers sing pres indic
hæfde 3rd pers sing pret indic
hæfdon pl pret indic

halgian weak verb: consecrate
gehalgade/gehalgode past participle
halgodon 1st pers pl pret indic

halignes fem noun: religion
halignesse gen sing

hand/hond fem noun: hand

hatan str verb: call, name, order
haten past part
het/heht 3rd pers sing pret indic

hælu fem noun: salvation
hælo gen sing

he pronoun: he, it masc sing nom
hine: him masc sing acc
him: (to) him, them masc sing dat, pl dat
his: his masc sing gen
hit: it neut sing nom/acc
heo: she, they fem sing nom, pl nom/acc
hie, hi: they, them pl nom/acc
hira,heora,hiera: of them, their pl gen

heall fem noun: hall

hege masc noun: fence, enclosure
hegum dat pl

herig masc noun: pagan sanctuary
hergas acc pl
herige acc sing
herige dat sing

hleapan str verb: leap, gallop
hleop 3rd pers sing pret indic

hraþe adv: quickly, soon

hrædlice adv: swiftly

hrinan str verb: touch
hrinen past part

hus neut noun: house

hwa interrog pron: who

hwæt pron: what;
interj: lo!, hey!, well! (attention-getting word without lexical content)

hwæþere adv, conj: however, nevertheless, yet, but

hwelc interrog pron: which, what, what kind of
hwylc nom sing fem

hieran str verb: obey, hear
hyrde 1st pers sing pret indic

gehieran, gehyran verb: hear
gehyrde 3rd pers sing pret indic

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I

ic pron: I 1st pers sing nom
me: me, (to) me 1st pers sing acc/dat
min: my, of me 1st pers sing gen

idel adj: idle, worthless, vain
idlan acc sing fem

in prep and adv: in

inbryrdnes fem noun: inspiration
inbryrdnesse acc sing

inne adv: inside, within

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L

lar fem noun: teaching, doctrine
lare/lære dat sing

læran str verb: teach, advise
lære 1st pers sing pres indic
læred past participle
lærde 3rd pers sing pret indic

læst adj (superl of lytel): least, smallest
læsste nom sing neut

læs adv: less

geleafa masc noun: belief, faith
geleafan dat sing

geleornian wk verb: learn
geleornad past part

gelic adj: like, similar to
gelicum dat pl

lif neut noun: life
lifes gen sing

longe adv: long, for a long time

gelustfullice adv: willingly
gelustfullicor compar

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M

ma adv: more

magan : be able, can, be competent
mæg 3rd pers sing pres indic
meahte 1st/3rd pers sing pret subj or indic

mann person, man
manna/monna gen pl

mara adj (compar of micel): more, larger
maran acc pl/sing fem

mægen neut noun: strength, power
mægenes gen sing

medmicel adj: moderate, brief
medmiclum dat sing neut

metan str verb: meet, encounter
mette 1st pers sing pret indic

micel adj: great, large, much
micle dat sing (as adv: greatly)

mid prep: with
mid þy þe conj when

miht fem noun: power
mihte acc sing

manig/monig adj.: many
monige nom pl masc

*motan: may, be allowed
moste 3rd pers sing pres indic

myre fem noun: mare
myran dat sing

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N

nawiht, nowiht neut noun: nothing

nænig pron: none, no one

ne adv,conj.: not, nor

nealæcan wk verb: draw near
nealehte 3rd pers sing pret indic

nemnan wk verb: call, name
nemned past part

neodlice adv: diligently
neodlicor compar

niwan adv: newly, recently

niwe adj: new

noht pron, adv: nothing; not
noht þon læss conj: nevertheless

niman str verb: take
nom 3rd pers sing pret indic

nu adv, conj.: now that, now

nyttnes fem noun: usefulness, benefit
nyttnesse/nytnisse gen sing

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O

of prep.: of, from

on prep: on, onto, upon, in, into;
adv: on, in

onælan wk verb: kindle
onælæd past part

ond, & conj: and

onfon str verb with dat: receive, accept, take up
onfeng 1st/3rd pers sing pret indic
onfengon 3rd pers pl pret indic

ongytenes fem noun: knowledge
ongytenesse gen sing

ongietan str verb: understand, perceive
ongeat 1st pers sing pret indic

ono hwæt interj.: lo and behold!

openlice adv: openly, publicly

prep: up to, as far as, until

oþer adj, pron: another, a second
oðerra gen pl
oðre nom pl masc; acc sing fem
oþre... oþre pronoun: one... the other

oððe conj.: or

owiht pron: anything

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P

Paulinus prop noun: Paulinus

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R

rice neut noun: kingdom, reign
rices gen sing

ridan str verb: ride

rinan strong verb: rain
rine 3rd pers sing pres subj

gerisenclice adj: fitting
gerisenlicre compar acc sing

gerisenlice adv: fittingly
gerisenlicor compar

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S

sceotan str verb: thrust, shoot, throw
sceat 3rd pers sing pret indic

scinan str verb: shine
scineð 3rd pers sing pres indic

sculan anom verb: must, have to, ought to
sceolde, scolde 3rd pers sing pret indic

sculan : must, have to, ought to
scolde 3rd pers sing pret indic

gescyrpan str verb: equip
gescyrpedne past part acc sing masc

se dem pron/dem adj: the, that masc nom sing
seo, sio fem nom sing
þara gen pl
þone masc acc sing
þæs masc/neut gen sing
þæm, þam masc/neut dat sing, pl dat
þære fem dat/gen sing
þæt neut nom/acc sing
þa pl nom/acc; fem sing acc
þy masc/neut instr. sing

secan str verb: seek, search for
sohte 1st/3rd pers sing pret indic

sellan, syllan str verb: give, sell
sealde 3rd pers sing subj indic

self pron, adj: self, himself, herself etc., same, very
sylfne acc sing masc
seolfa nom sing masc
sylfe nom/acc sing neuter

geseon strong verb: see, consider
gesawen/gesewen past part
geseah 3rd pers sing pret indic
geseo 2nd pers sing pres subj
geseoh imper sing

sittan str verb: sit
sitte 2nd pers sing pres subj

sniwan str verb: snow
sniwe 3rd pers sing pres subj

snytro fem noun: wisdom

sona adv: immediately

soð neut noun: truth
soð adj: true
soðan dat/gen sing masc

soðlice adverb: truly

spearwa masc noun: sparrow

spere neut noun: spear
spere dat sing

spræc fem noun: utterance, speech, language
spræce dat sing

gesprec neut noun: conference, discussion

sprecan str verb: speak, say
spræcan pl pret indic
sprecende pres part

steda masc noun: stallion
stedan acc sing

stician wk verb: stick
sticode 3rd pers sing pret indic

stodhors neut noun: stallion

storm masc noun: storm
storme dat sing

stow fem noun: place

strang adj.: strong
strangran acc pl neut

styrman str verb: storm
styrme 3rd pers sing pres subj

swa adv: thus, so
swa swa adv: just as

swæsendu neut noun (pl with sing meaning): banquet, feasting
swæsendum dat pl

sweord neut noun: sword

swiðe adv: very, exceedingly

swylc swa conj.: just as (if), likewise so

syndriglice adv: individually, separately, especially

gesyntu fem noun: prosperity
gesynto acc sing

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T

templ neut noun: temple

teola adv: well

tid fem noun: time
tid acc sing
tide gen sing

getimbre neut noun: building, structure
getimbro acc pl

to prep: to
to bysene: as an example

toætycan str verb: add
toætyhte 3rd pers sing pret indic

to dæge adv phrase: today

toweorpan str verb: throw down, demolish
towearp 3rd pers sing pret indic

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Þ/Ð

þa conj: then, when

þæs þe conj: when

þæt conj: that, so that

þær adv: there

þe rel particle: who, which, that

geþafian wk verb: consent to, approve
geþafade 3rd pers sing pret indic

geþafung fem noun: assent, consent
geþafunge acc sing

geþeaht neut noun: counsel, deliberation, consideration, advice

geþeahtere masc noun: counsellor, advisor, manager
geþeahteras nom pl

þegn masc noun: nobleman, thane, retainer, warrior
þegna gen pl
þegnum dat pl

þeowan wk verb: serve
þeodde 1st pers sing pret indic

þeode fem noun: people, nation

þes dem. pron.: this, these
þis neut nom/acc sing
þas nom acc pl
þeos fem nom sing
þeossum dat pl
þysse fem dat sing

þing neut noun: thing
þing acc pl
þingum dat pl

þu pers pron: you (singular)
þe acc;
þin poss adj: your
þinra gen pl
þinum dat pl

þonne conj or compar adv: then, when; than

þyncan impersonal verb: seem
þuhte past participle
þynceð 3rd pers sing pres indic

þurh prep: through, by means of

þurhfleon str verb: fly through
þurhfleo 3rd pers sing pres subj

þus adv: thus, in this way, as follows

þyslic adj: such, thus

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U

uncuð adj: unknown, strange

underþeodan wk verb: subject, submit, devote
underþeodde 3rd pers sing pret indic

ut adv: out

ute adv: outside

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W

wæpen neut noun: weapon

wæstm masc noun: fruit, result
wæstmum dat pl

we pron: we 1st pers nom pl
us dat;
ure gen;
ura poss adj gen pl: our

wedan wk verb: be insane, rave
wedde 3rd pers sing pret indic

wegan str verb: carry

wenan wk verb: think
wendon pl pret indic

weorþe adj: worthy, dear, valuable

wigbed neut noun: altar
wigbedo, wigbed acc pl

wille fem noun: well, fountain, font;
willan dat sing

willan anom verb: wish, desire, will
woldan pl pret indic
woldan pl pret subj
wolde 3rd pers sing pret indic

winter masc noun: winter, year
wintra dat sing
wintres gen sing

wintertid fem noun: wintertime

wislic adj.: wise, prudent

witan verb: know
wat 1st pers sing pres indic
wiste 3rd pers sing pret indic

wita masc noun: wise man, counsellor;
wytum, witum dat pl

gewitan str verb: depart, leave
gewite 3rd pers sing pres subj

wiðmetenes fem noun: comparison
to wiþmetenesse conj: in comparison with

wiðsacan str verb: renounce, forsake

word neut noun: word
word acc pl
wordum dat pl

wyrman wk verb: warm
gewyrmed past part

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Y

ymbsettan str verb: surround
ymbsette past part nom pl masc

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