A
acwið: says, speaks, utters (acweþan) 91
acyþan: show, proclaim, reveal, announce, confirm, prove 113
anda m: anger, vexation; injury, mischief 105
anhaga, anhoga m: solitary being, lonely being 1, 40
aræd adj: determined, arranged, settled 5
ar f: honour, respect; mercy, grace, favour, help, prosperity 1, 114
asecgan: express, tell, explain 11
Æ
æfter prep: after, behind, as a result of, about, for 50
ær adv, conj, or prep: before, earlier, first 43, 64, 69, 113
æsc m: ash-tree; spear, lance; ship 99
B
beorht adj: bright, shining, brilliant, excellent, beautiful, magnificent, glorious 94
beorn m: man, warrior, noble, prince 70, 113
beot n: boastful speech, promise, vow, command 70
bidæled: deprived, stripped, robbed, released from (bidælan) 20
gebidan: stay, remain, delay 70; (trans.) wait for, expect, endure, experience, find, attain 1
bidroren past part: deprived, bereaved, despoiled (bidreosan) 79
biforan prep: before, in front of 46
bihroren past part: covered, coated (bihreosan) 77
gebind n: binding, fettering 24, 57
gebindað: bind, fetter (gebindan) 40
bindan: bind, fetter, fasten, restrain 13, 18, 102
bið, biþ, beoð: is, will be 5, 12, 30, 50, 55, 73, 108, 109, 112, 114
biwaune: blown upon, blown about (biwawan) 76
biwrah: covered, hid, wrapped up, clothed (biwreon) 23
blæd m: glory, splendour, riches, inspiration, life 33
bot f: remedy, relief, help, compensation, amends, atonement, penance 113
breac: enjoyed, used, partook of (brucan--w. gen. of logical object) 44
breahtm m: noise, cry, revelry 86
breostcofa m: heart (lit. breast-chamber; chest cavity?) 18
breost n pl?: breast, bosom, mind, thought 113
brytta m: giver, dispenser, prince, lord 25
burgwaras m pl: city-dwellers, citizens 86
byrnwiga m: armor-clad warrior, warrior wearing a corslet 94
C
cearo f: care, sorrow, anxiety 9, 55
clyppe: embrace, clasp, hug (clyppan) 42
cnyssað: strike, crash against (cnyssan) 101
collenferð adj: proud, bold 71 (as noun)
gecrong: fell in battle, died (gecringan) 79
cunnað: investigates, explores, has experience of, experiences, knows (cunnian) 29
cunne: know, be acquainted with, be conversant with, be able (cunnan) 69, 71, 113
cuð adj: known, well known, noted, excellent, famous, familiar 55
cwic adj: living, alive 9 (as noun)
cwom: came (hwær cwom: what became of) 92,93
D
dæl m: portion, part, share, amount, quantity 65
gedælan: bestow, distribute, hand over to 83
deorc adj: dark, gloomy, obscure, sad, cheerless 89
domgeorn adj as noun: one eager for fame, justice, power, or glory (dom) 17
dream m: happiness, delight, joy, rejoicing, mirth; melody, song 79
gedreas: fell, perished, became weak, failed 36
dreorighleor adj: dreary-cheeked, sad-faced 83
dreosan: fall, perish, become weak, fail 63
E
eardgeard m: dwelling-place, world 85
eardstapa m: wanderer, earth-walker 6
earfeþe n: hardship, labour, trouble, suffering 6
earfoðlic adj: difficult, full of hardship, laborious, miserable 106
earmcearig adj: miserable, sorrowful 20
earm adj: poor, wretched, miserable 40
eder m: boundary, limit, region; dwelling, house 77
ellen n: zeal, strength, valour, courage 114
eorl m: man, warrior, leader, noble 12, 60, 84, 99, 114
eorþe f: ground, soil, earth, world, the Earth (as opposed to Heaven) 106, 110
eorðscræf n: earth-dwelling, cave, grave 84
eðel m: native land, homeland, ancestral home 20
F
fæder m: father, the Father 115
fægen adj: glad, eager, joyful, rejoicing 68
fah adj: hostile, outlawed, criminal; stained, spotted; decorated; shining, gleaming 98
fealu adj: dark, dusky, tawny, yellow, dun-coloured 46
feoh n: property, treasure, goods, money 108
feohgifre adj: greedy for property, avaricious 68
feor prep or adv: far, far from, remote in time 21, 26, 90
ferian: carry, convey, transport 81
ferðloca m: breast, body (lit. spirit-enclosure) 13, 33
fleotend pres part as noun: floater, drifter, sailor 54
flet n: hall, dwelling; floor, ground 61
folde f: earth, world, soil, ground, land 33
for prep: for, on account of, because of (for hwan: why, for what reason, on account of what) 59
forht adj: frightened, afraid, cowardly, timid 68
forniman: take away, deprive of, plunder, waste, destroy, consume, annul, overcome 80, 99
forþolian: do without, endure the abscence of 38
forðwege m: way forth, journey, departure 81
frefran: cheer, comfort, console 28
gefremman: make, do, accomplish, carry out 16, 114
freomæg m: noble kinsman, free kinsman 21
freond m: friend, relative, lover 108
freondleas adj: friendless, lord-less 28
freorig adj: frozen, freezing, cold, chilly, sad, mournful 33
frofor f: consolation, refuge, compensation, help, benefit 115
ful adv: completely, fully, very 5
G
gæstlic adj: ghastly, ghostly, spriritual, holy 73
geara adv: long ago, formerly, in former times 22
geardagas pl m: earlier days, olden days 44
geare, gearwe adv: thoroughly, exactly 69, 71
geoguð f: youth, young people, youthful warriors 35
geond prep: throughout, through, over 3, 58, 75
geondhweorfeð: passes over, passes through (geondhweorfan) 51
geondsceawað: examines, looks over (geondsceawian) 52
geondþencan: think through, consider thoroughly 60, 89
georn adj: eager, desirous, diligent 69
georne adv: eagerly, gladly 52
giefstol m: the throne as the place of treasure-giving (-as here presumably represents gen sing) 44
gielp m: boasting, pride, fame, glory 69
gleaw adj: wise, prudent, intelligent, skilful 73
gliwstafum m dat pl as adv: joyously, merrily 52
goldwine m: gold(-giving) friend (i.e. generous lord, king) 22, 35
greteð: greets, speaks to, seeks out, visits (gretan) 52
H
hagel m: hail, sleet, ice pellets 48
haþeort adj: hot-hearted, passionate, impetuous, angry 66
he pron: he 2, 13, 14, 34, 41, 43, 64, 69, 70, 113
healdan: hold, hold fast, retain, keep, guard, defend, lock up 14
gehealdan: = healdan 112
hean adj: miserable, lowly, despised, poor, abject 23
hefig adj: heavy, grave, severe, grievous 49
heofonas m pl: heavens, sky, firmament 107,115
heolster m: hiding-place, cover, darkness, concealment 23
heorte f: heart; breast; soul, spirit; will, desire; courage, mind 49
his pron: his, its, of it, of him 13, 14, 35, 37, 41, 112,113
gehola m: protector, supporter, friend 31
hordcofa m: treasure chamber; closet for a hoard 14
hrædwyrde adj: hasty of speech 66
hreo adj: rough, fierce, wild, angry, disturbed, troubled, sad 16, 105
hreþer m: heart, mind, thought 72
hrim m: rime, hoarfrost 48, 77
hrimceald adj: icy-cold, frost-cold, rime-cold 4
hruse f: earth, soil, ground 23, 102
hryre m: fall, ruin, destruction 7
hryðig adj: storm-beaten, tempest-tossed, snow-covered 77
hu adv or conj: how 30, 35, 61, 73, 95
hwær adv or conj: where 26, 92, 93
gehwam pron: on each (dat. of gehwa 63
hweorfan: turn, change, move, go 72
hwider adv: whither, to where 72
hwilum adv: sometimes, from time to time 43
hycgan: think, consider, meditate; determine, purpose; remember; hope 14
gehydde: hid, concealed, buried (gehydan) 84
gehygd f: reflection, consideration, thought, mind 72
hyge m: thought, mind, heart, disposition 16
I
ic pron: I 8, 10, 11, 19, 23, 26, 58, 60
idel adj: empty, desolate, bare, destitute, idle 87, 110
in prep: in, on, into, at, to, for 12,18,27,44,65,81,84,90
indryhten adj: noble, excellent 12
iu adv: of old, long ago, formerly 22
L
læne adj: transitory, temporary, inconstant, lent, perishable, frail, weak 108,108,109,109
lagulad f: water-way, ocean journey, sea, ocean 3
larcwide m: teaching, words of instruction 38
last m: track, footprint, trace 97
leas adj: without, -less, bereft of (with gen.) 86
leof adj: dear, valued, beloved, pleasant 31, 38, 97
longe adv: long, for a long time 3, 38
M
mæg: may, can, is (am) able to, has (have) power to (magan) 15, 58, 64
mære adj: great, famous, excellent 100
mago m: male kinsman, young man, warrior 92
maguþegn m: man, warrior, retainer, vassal 62
maþþumgyfa m: treasure-giver, lord 92
gemenged past part: mixed, mingled, combined (gemengan) 48
mid prep: with, together with, by means of 4, 29, 114
middangeard m: earth, world, earthly world 62, 75
milts f: mercy, compassion, kindness, favour 2
min poss adj: my 9, 10, 19, 22, 27, 59
mine m: memory, remembrance, affection, love; purpose, desire, wish 27
missenlice adv: variously, diversely, from place to place 75
mod n: mind, heart, spirit, courage 15, 41, 51, 111
modcearig adj: sorrowful of heart, anxious-minded 2
modig adj: proud, spirited, brave 62
modsefa m: mind, spirit 10, 19, 59
mon m: man, human being, mankind, one, people, they 109
mondryhten m: lord, master, liege-lord 41
gemon: remembers (gemunnan) 34, 90
gemynd f: memory, consciousness, mind 51
gemyndig adj: (with gen.) mindful of, remembering, thinking of 6
N
nales, nalæs adv: not at all 32, 33
ne negative particle: not, nor 15, 16, 58, 59, 64, 66, 66, 67, 68, 69, 112
geneahhe adv: often, frequently; abundantly, sufficiently 56
nemþe conj: unless, except 113
nihthelm m: the protection or covering of night 96
nihtscua m: the shadow of night, the darkness of night 104
geniwad past part: renewed, restored (geniwian) 50,55
no adv: not, not at all, by no means 54, 66, 96
norþan adv: from the north 104
O
ofer prep: over, across, beyond, above 24, 57, 82
ofgeafon: left, quit, deserted, gave up (ofgiefan) 61
oft adv: often 1, 8, 17, 20, 40, 90
on prep: on, in, into, onto 35, 41, 42, 53, 97, 105, 111, 115
ond conj: and 23, 34, 39, 42, 43, 48, 63, 89, 91, 101
ongietan: understand, recognize, perceive, judge, consider 73
onsendeð: sends out, sends forth (onsendan) 104
onwæcneð: awakes (onwæcnan) 45
onwendeð: changes, overturns (onwendan) 107
R
rice n: kingdom, rule, reign, might, power 106
run: secret, mystery; counsel, consultation; writing; runic character 111
S
sælan: tie, bind, fetter, fasten, curb, restrain 21
gesæt: sat (reflex. with dat.; gesittan) 111
gesceaft f?: creature, creation; existence; dispensation, destiny, fate; condition, nature 107
sceal: must, has to, is obliged to, ought to, shall (sculan) 37, 56; 65, 66 (beon is understood)
sceolde: had to, was obliged to, should have had to, might have been obliged to (sculan) 3, 8, 19
se pron: the, that, the one 16, 29, 37, 82, 88, 112
secan: seek, seek out, look for, strive after, desire 114
sefa m: spirit, mind, heart 57
sele m: hall, house, dwelling 25
seledream m: hall-joy, delight of the hall 93
selesecg m: warrior of the hall 34
geselda m: comrade, retainer 53
sendan: send, send forth, dispatch, impel, drive 56
seo pron: the, that 95, 100, 115
sinc n: treasure, riches, gold, valuables 25
sincþegu f: receipt of treasure 34
siþþan conj or adv: after, afterwards, then, when 22
sliþen adj: cruel, hard, evil 30
snottor adj: intelligent, clever, discerning, wise 111
sohte: sought, sought out (secan) 25
sorg f: sorrow, pain, grief, trouble, care, distress, anxiety 30, 39, 50
soþ n: truth (to soþe: in truth, truthfully, truly) 11
stanhliþ n: rocky cliff, stoney slope 101
stondan: stand, remain, continue, be 74, 76, 87, 97, 101, 115
storm m: storm, onrush, disturbance 101
sumne pron: one, a certain one 81, 82, 83
sundor adv: asunder, apart 111
swæs adj: intimate, favorite, dear, beloved; own; sweet, sugary 50 (as noun)
gesweorcan: grow dark, become sad, troublesome or angry 59
symbel n: feast, festivity, festival 93
T
til adj: good, excellent, brave 112
to marker of inflected infinitive: to 30
torn n: grief, misery, suffering; anger 112
treow f: truth, faith, trust, belief; pledge, promise, agreement 112
Þ
þa pron: the, that, those 77, 78, 113
þæt conj or pron: that, the 12, 13, 41
þam pron: to or for him, it, them; to or for the one 31, 56, 114
þas pron: this, these 58, 91, 101
þe rel pron: that, which, who 2, 10, 27, 29, 31, 37, 56, 112, 114
þeah þe conj: although, even if 2
þeaw m: usage, custom, conduct, virtue 12
geþencan: think, imagine, think of, remember 58
þeoden m: lord, chief, ruler, the Lord 95
þinceð: seems (þincan--impers. w. dat.) 41
geþoht m: thought (geþohte could also be pret sing of geþencean: think, consider, ponder) 88
þonan adv: thence, from there 23
þone pron: the, that, the one 27
þonne, ðonne conj or adv: then, when 39, 45, 49, 51, 60, 70, 74, 88, 103
þrag f: time, period, season, occasion 95
þrym m: multitude, host, troop; force, power, might; glory, splendour 95
þryþ f: might, power, strength; majesty, glory, splendour; troop, multitude, host 99
U
under prep: under, beneath 96, 107
us pron: us, to us, for us 115
W
wac adj: weak, soft, feeble, cowardly, frail, mean, poor 67
wadan: traverse, move over, stride across, wade 5, 24
wælgifre adj: greedy for carnage, bloodthirsty, murderous 100
wælsleaht m: slaughter, carnage, deadly battle 7, 91
wæpen n: weapon, (sometimes specifically) sword 100
wære: should have been, might have been (pret. subj. of beon) 96
waldend m: ruler, leader, lord, king 78 (pl.)
wanhydig adj: careless, reckless, rash 67
warian: hold, possess, attend; inhabit 32
wat: know, knows (1st or 3rd pers sing pres indic of witan) 11, 29, 37
gewat: departed, passed away (gewítan) 95
waþem m: wave, stream, sea 24, 57
weall, weal m: wall 76, 80, 98
wealsteal m: place of walls, foundation 88
wela m: prosperity, happiness, riches 74
wenian: accustom, train; entertain, treat 29, 36
geweorc n: structure, edifice, work, workmanship, fortification 87
weoruld f: world, life, age, humanity, epoch 107
werig adj: weary, exhausted, sad, miserable 15, 57
weste: waste, deserted, barren, uninhabited, empty 74
wig n: battle, war, strife, contest; military force, army 80
wille: will, should want to (willan) 14, 72
winedryhten m: beloved lord, dear king, friendly lord 37
wineleas adj: friendless, lordless 45
winemæg m: dear relative, lordly kinsman 7
wintercearig adj: winter-sorrowful 24
winter m: winter, (in pl.) year 65, 103
wis adj: wise, learned, prudent, experienced 64, 88?
wisse: may know, might know (witan) 27
wist f: abundance, plenty; food, meal, feast, delicacy 36
wita m: wise man, councillor 65
wiðstondan: withstand, resist, oppose
wlonc adj: splendid, magnificent, rich; boastful, arrogant, pround 80
woma m: noise, howling, tumult; terror, alarm 103
worn m: many, a large number (with gen.) 91
woruld f: world, age, epoch, life 58, 74
woruldrice n: earthly kingdom, kingdom of the earth 65
wræclast m: track of exile, wretched trail 5, 32
wraþ adj: angry, hostile, grievous, terrible, bitter 7
wunden past part: twisted, wound 32
wundrum n dat pl as adv: wonderfully, strangely, terribly 98
wynn f: joy, delight, pleasure 29, 36
wyrd f: fate, destiny, Providence 5, 15, 100, 107
wyrmlic n: body of a worm/snake/dragon? image of a worm/snake/dragon? 98
Y
yþde: laid waste, made barren, devastated, destroyed (yþan) 85