A

acwið: says, speaks, utters (acweþan) 91

acyþan: show, proclaim, reveal, announce, confirm, prove 113

agan: have, own 64

ana adj: alone 8

anda m: anger, vexation; injury, mischief 105

anhaga, anhoga m: solitary being, lonely being 1, 40

aræd adj: determined, arranged, settled 5

ar f: honour, respect; mercy, grace, favour, help, prosperity 1, 114

asecgan: express, tell, explain 11

Æ

æfter prep: after, behind, as a result of, about, for 50

ælde m pl: men 85

ær adv, conj, or prep: before, earlier, first 43, 64, 69, 113

æsc m: ash-tree; spear, lance; ship 99

æt prep: at 111

ætgædre adv: together 39

B

baþian: bathe, swim 47

benn f: wound 49

beorht adj: bright, shining, brilliant, excellent, beautiful, magnificent, glorious 94

beorn m: man, warrior, noble, prince 70, 113

beot n: boastful speech, promise, vow, command 70

beoð: are, will be (beon)

bi prep: by, near, along 80

bidæled: deprived, stripped, robbed, released from (bidælan) 20

gebidan: stay, remain, delay 70; (trans.) wait for, expect, endure, experience, find, attain 1

bidroren past part: deprived, bereaved, despoiled (bidreosan) 79

biforan prep: before, in front of 46

bihroren past part: covered, coated (bihreosan) 77

gebind n: binding, fettering 24, 57

gebindað: bind, fetter (gebindan) 40

bindan: bind, fetter, fasten, restrain 13, 18, 102

bið, biþ, beoð: is, will be 5, 12, 30, 50, 55, 73, 108, 109, 112, 114

biwaune: blown upon, blown about (biwawan) 76

biwrah: covered, hid, wrapped up, clothed (biwreon) 23

blæd m: glory, splendour, riches, inspiration, life 33

bot f: remedy, relief, help, compensation, amends, atonement, penance 113

brædan: spread out 47

breac: enjoyed, used, partook of (brucan--w. gen. of logical object) 44

breahtm m: noise, cry, revelry 86

breostcofa m: heart (lit. breast-chamber; chest cavity?) 18

breost n pl?: breast, bosom, mind, thought 113

brimfugol m: seabird 47

bringan: bring, take 54

brytta m: giver, dispenser, prince, lord 25

bune f: cup, beaker 94

burgwaras m pl: city-dwellers, citizens 86

byrnwiga m: armor-clad warrior, warrior wearing a corslet 94

C

cearo f: care, sorrow, anxiety 9, 55

clyppe: embrace, clasp, hug (clyppan) 42

cneo n: knee 42

cnyssað: strike, crash against (cnyssan) 101

collenferð adj: proud, bold 71 (as noun)

gecrong: fell in battle, died (gecringan) 79

cunnað: investigates, explores, has experience of, experiences, knows (cunnian) 29

cunne: know, be acquainted with, be conversant with, be able (cunnan) 69, 71, 113

cuð adj: known, well known, noted, excellent, famous, familiar 55

cwæð: said (cweþan) 6, 111

cwic adj: living, alive 9 (as noun)

cwidegiedd n: speech, song 55

cwiþan: lament, bewail 9

cwom: came (hwær cwom: what became of) 92,93

cymeð: comes (cuman) 103

cysse: kiss (cyssan) 42

D

dæl m: portion, part, share, amount, quantity 65

gedælan: bestow, distribute, hand over to 83

deað m: death 83

deope adv: deeply 89

deorc adj: dark, gloomy, obscure, sad, cheerless 89

dogor m: day 63

domgeorn adj as noun: one eager for fame, justice, power, or glory (dom) 17

dream m: happiness, delight, joy, rejoicing, mirth; melody, song 79

gedreas: fell, perished, became weak, failed 36

dreorig: bloody, cruel, grievous, sad, sorrowful 17 (as noun), 25 (possibly a compound seledreorig: sorrowful for want of a hall?)

dreorighleor adj: dreary-cheeked, sad-faced 83

dreosan: fall, perish, become weak, fail 63

duguþ f: body of retainers, people, nobles, army; nobility, strength, excellence; glory; wealth 79, 97

durre: dare (durran) 10

E

eal, eall adj, adv, or pron: all, every; entirely, fully; all, everything 36, 60, 63, 74, 79, 106, 110, 115

eala interj: (signifies woe, loss, astonishment etc.; also used for the rhetorical figure of apostrophe) alas! oh! 94, 95

eald adj: old 87

eardgeard m: dwelling-place, world 85

eardstapa m: wanderer, earth-walker 6

earfeþe n: hardship, labour, trouble, suffering 6

earfoðlic adj: difficult, full of hardship, laborious, miserable 106

earmcearig adj: miserable, sorrowful 20

earm adj: poor, wretched, miserable 40

eder m: boundary, limit, region; dwelling, house 77

eft adv: again, anew 45,53

ellen n: zeal, strength, valour, courage 114

ent m: giant 87

eorl m: man, warrior, leader, noble 12, 60, 84, 99, 114

eorþe f: ground, soil, earth, world, the Earth (as opposed to Heaven) 106, 110

eorðscræf n: earth-dwelling, cave, grave 84

eðel m: native land, homeland, ancestral home 20

F

fæder m: father, the Father 115

fægen adj: glad, eager, joyful, rejoicing 68

færlice adv: suddenly 61

fæstnung f: fastening, bond, stability, security, safety, protection, shelter, pledge, engagement 115

fah adj: hostile, outlawed, criminal; stained, spotted; decorated; shining, gleaming 98

feallan: fall, decay, die 63

fealu adj: dark, dusky, tawny, yellow, dun-coloured 46

fela pron: many (w. gen.) 54

feoh n: property, treasure, goods, money 108

feohgifre adj: greedy for property, avaricious 68

feor prep or adv: far, far from, remote in time 21, 26, 90

geferan: endure, undergo 30

ferian: carry, convey, transport 81

ferð m: mind, spirit 54, 90

ferðloca m: breast, body (lit. spirit-enclosure) 13, 33

feter f: fetter, shackle 21

feþer f: feather, wing 47

findan: find 26

fleotend pres part as noun: floater, drifter, sailor 54

flet n: hall, dwelling; floor, ground 61

folde f: earth, world, soil, ground, land 33

for prep: for, on account of, because of (for hwan: why, for what reason, on account of what) 59

forht adj: frightened, afraid, cowardly, timid 68

forniman: take away, deprive of, plunder, waste, destroy, consume, annul, overcome 80, 99

forþolian: do without, endure the abscence of 38

forðon, forþon conj or adv: because, for the reason that, oh that account, therefore, consequently (perhaps with weakened, transitional force at points in this poem) 17, 37, 58, 64

forðwege m: way forth, journey, departure 81

frefran: cheer, comfort, console 28

gefremman: make, do, accomplish, carry out 16, 114

freomæg m: noble kinsman, free kinsman 21

freond m: friend, relative, lover 108

freondleas adj: friendless, lord-less 28

freorig adj: frozen, freezing, cold, chilly, sad, mournful 33

frod adj: old, wise 90

frofor f: consolation, refuge, compensation, help, benefit 115

fugel m: bird 81

ful adv: completely, fully, very 5

G

gæstlic adj: ghastly, ghostly, spriritual, holy 73

geara adv: long ago, formerly, in former times 22

geardagas pl m: earlier days, olden days 44

geare, gearwe adv: thoroughly, exactly 69, 71

geoguð f: youth, young people, youthful warriors 35

geond prep: throughout, through, over 3, 58, 75

geondhweorfeð: passes over, passes through (geondhweorfan) 51

geondsceawað: examines, looks over (geondsceawian) 52

geondþencan: think through, consider thoroughly 60, 89

georn adj: eager, desirous, diligent 69

georne adv: eagerly, gladly 52

giefstol m: the throne as the place of treasure-giving (-as here presumably represents gen sing) 44

gielp m: boasting, pride, fame, glory 69

gleaw adj: wise, prudent, intelligent, skilful 73

gliwstafum m dat pl as adv: joyously, merrily 52

gold n: gold 32

goldwine m: gold(-giving) friend (i.e. generous lord, king) 22, 35

greteð: greets, speaks to, seeks out, visits (gretan) 52

guma m: man, warrior 45

H

hæglfaru f: hailstorm 105

hæle m: man, warrior, hero 73

hæleþ m: man, warrior 105

hafað: has (habban) 31

hagel m: hail, sleet, ice pellets 48

har adj: hoary, grey 82

haþeort adj: hot-hearted, passionate, impetuous, angry 66

he pron: he 2, 13, 14, 34, 41, 43, 64, 69, 70, 113

heafod n: head 43

heah adj: high 82, 98

healdan: hold, hold fast, retain, keep, guard, defend, lock up 14

gehealdan: = healdan 112

hean adj: miserable, lowly, despised, poor, abject 23

heanne 82

hefig adj: heavy, grave, severe, grievous 49

help f: help, aid 16

heo pron: she, it 96

heofonas m pl: heavens, sky, firmament 107,115

heolster m: hiding-place, cover, darkness, concealment 23

heorte f: heart; breast; soul, spirit; will, desire; courage, mind 49

her adv: here 108, 109

hi pron: they 61

him pron: him, to him, for him; it, to it, for it; them, to them, for them (dat. of he, hit, or hie) 1, 10, 31, 41, 46, 111, 114

hine pron: him 32, 35

his pron: his, its, of it, of him 13, 14, 35, 37, 41, 112,113

gehola m: protector, supporter, friend 31

holm m: wave, sea, water 82

hond f: hand 4, 43

hordcofa m: treasure chamber; closet for a hoard 14

hrædwyrde adj: hasty of speech 66

hreo adj: rough, fierce, wild, angry, disturbed, troubled, sad 16, 105

hreosan: fall 48, 102

hreran: move, agitate, stir 4

hreþer m: heart, mind, thought 72

hrim m: rime, hoarfrost 48, 77

hrimceald adj: icy-cold, frost-cold, rime-cold 4

hrið f: snowstorm 102

hruse f: earth, soil, ground 23, 102

hryre m: fall, ruin, destruction 7

hryðig adj: storm-beaten, tempest-tossed, snow-covered 77

hu adv or conj: how 30, 35, 61, 73, 95

hwær adv or conj: where 26, 92, 93

gehwam pron: on each (dat. of gehwa 63

hwan pron: what 59

hweorfan: turn, change, move, go 72

hwider adv: whither, to where 72

hwilum adv: sometimes, from time to time 43

gehwylc pron and adj: each 8

hycgan: think, consider, meditate; determine, purpose; remember; hope 14

gehydde: hid, concealed, buried (gehydan) 84

gehygd f: reflection, consideration, thought, mind 72

hyge m: thought, mind, heart, disposition 16

hyra pron: their 18

I

ic pron: I 8, 10, 11, 19, 23, 26, 58, 60

idel adj: empty, desolate, bare, destitute, idle 87, 110

in prep: in, on, into, at, to, for 12,18,27,44,65,81,84,90

indryhten adj: noble, excellent 12

is: is (beon) 106

iu adv: of old, long ago, formerly 22

L

læne adj: transitory, temporary, inconstant, lent, perishable, frail, weak 108,108,109,109

lagulad f: water-way, ocean journey, sea, ocean 3

larcwide m: teaching, words of instruction 38

last m: track, footprint, trace 97

leas adj: without, -less, bereft of (with gen.) 86

lecge: lay, place (lecgan) 42

leof adj: dear, valued, beloved, pleasant 31, 38, 97

licgað: lie (licgan) 78

lif n: life, existence 60, 89

longe adv: long, for a long time 3, 38

lyt pron: few 31

M

mæg: may, can, is (am) able to, has (have) power to (magan) 15, 58, 64

mære adj: great, famous, excellent 100

mæg m: male kinsman 51, 109

mago m: male kinsman, young man, warrior 92

maguþegn m: man, warrior, retainer, vassal 62

maþþumgyfa m: treasure-giver, lord 92

meahte: could (magan) 26

mearg m: horse 92

mec pron: me 28

gemenged past part: mixed, mingled, combined (gemengan) 48

meoduheall f: meadhall 27

metud m: God, the Creator 2

mid prep: with, together with, by means of 4, 29, 114

middangeard m: earth, world, earthly world 62, 75

milts f: mercy, compassion, kindness, favour 2

min poss adj: my 9, 10, 19, 22, 27, 59

mine m: memory, remembrance, affection, love; purpose, desire, wish 27

missenlice adv: variously, diversely, from place to place 75

mod n: mind, heart, spirit, courage 15, 41, 51, 111

modcearig adj: sorrowful of heart, anxious-minded 2

modig adj: proud, spirited, brave 62

modsefa m: mind, spirit 10, 19, 59

mon m: man, human being, mankind, one, people, they 109

mondryhten m: lord, master, liege-lord 41

gemon: remembers (gemunnan) 34, 90

gemynd f: memory, consciousness, mind 51

gemyndig adj: (with gen.) mindful of, remembering, thinking of 6

N

næfre adv: never 69, 112

nales, nalæs adv: not at all 32, 33

nan: not one, none 9

genap: grew dark (genipan) 96

ne negative particle: not, nor 15, 16, 58, 59, 64, 66, 66, 67, 68, 69, 112

geneahhe adv: often, frequently; abundantly, sufficiently 56

neah adv: near 26

nemþe conj: unless, except 113

nihthelm m: the protection or covering of night 96

nihtscua m: the shadow of night, the darkness of night 104

nipeð: grows dark (nipan) 104

nis: is not (beon + ne) 9

geniwad past part: renewed, restored (geniwian) 50,55

no adv: not, not at all, by no means 54, 66, 96

norþan adv: from the north 104

nu adv: now 9, 75, 97

O

of 113

ofer prep: over, across, beyond, above 24, 57, 82

ofgeafon: left, quit, deserted, gave up (ofgiefan) 61

oft adv: often 1, 8, 17, 20, 40, 90

on prep: on, in, into, onto 35, 41, 42, 53, 97, 105, 111, 115

ond conj: and 23, 34, 39, 42, 43, 48, 63, 89, 91, 101

ongietan: understand, recognize, perceive, judge, consider 73

onsendeð: sends out, sends forth (onsendan) 104

onwæcneð: awakes (onwæcnan) 45

onwendeð: changes, overturns (onwendan) 107

oþbær: bore away (oþberan) 81

oþþæt conj: until 71, 86

oþþe conj: or 26, 28

R

rice n: kingdom, rule, reign, might, power 106

run: secret, mystery; counsel, consultation; writing; runic character 111

rycene adv: quickly 112

S

f?: sea 4

sælan: tie, bind, fetter, fasten, curb, restrain 21

gesæt: sat (reflex. with dat.; gesittan) 111

sar adj: sore, grievous 50

gesceaft f?: creature, creation; existence; dispensation, destiny, fate; condition, nature 107

sceal: must, has to, is obliged to, ought to, shall (sculan) 37, 56; 65, 66 (beon is understood)

sceolde: had to, was obliged to, should have had to, might have been obliged to (sculan) 3, 8, 19

scyppend m: creator, maker 85

se pron: the, that, the one 16, 29, 37, 82, 88, 112

secan: seek, seek out, look for, strive after, desire 114

secg m: man, warrior 53

sefa m: spirit, mind, heart 57

sele m: hall, house, dwelling 25

seledream m: hall-joy, delight of the hall 93

selesecg m: warrior of the hall 34

geselda m: comrade, retainer 53

gesetu n pl: seats 93

sendan: send, send forth, dispatch, impel, drive 56

seo pron: the, that 95, 100, 115

gesihð: sees (seon) 46

sinc n: treasure, riches, gold, valuables 25

sincþegu f: receipt of treasure 34

sindon: are (beon) 93

siþþan conj or adv: after, afterwards, then, when 22

slæp m: sleep 39

sliþen adj: cruel, hard, evil 30

snaw m: snow 48

snottor adj: intelligent, clever, discerning, wise 111

sohte: sought, sought out (secan) 25

somod adv: together 39

sorg f: sorrow, pain, grief, trouble, care, distress, anxiety 30, 39, 50

soþ n: truth (to soþe: in truth, truthfully, truly) 11

sprecan: speak, say, utter 70

stanhliþ n: rocky cliff, stoney slope 101

gesteal n: foundation 110

stondan: stand, remain, continue, be 74, 76, 87, 97, 101, 115

storm m: storm, onrush, disturbance 101

sume pron: some 80

sumne pron: one, a certain one 81, 82, 83

sundor adv: asunder, apart 111

swa adv conj or pron: so, as, in this way, thus, as if, just as, such 6, 14, 19, 43, 62, 75, 85, 96, 111

swæs adj: intimate, favorite, dear, beloved; own; sweet, sugary 50 (as noun)

gesweorcan: grow dark, become sad, troublesome or angry 59

sweotule adv: clearly 11

swimman: swim, float 53

symbel n: feast, festivity, festival 93

T

til adj: good, excellent, brave 112

to prep or adv: to, into, for, from, as a; too, excessively, besides, also 11, 36, 66, 67, 68, 69, 112, 115

to marker of inflected infinitive: to 30

torn n: grief, misery, suffering; anger 112

treow f: truth, faith, trust, belief; pledge, promise, agreement 112

Þ

þa pron: the, that, those 77, 78, 113

þær adv: there, where 54, 115

þæt conj or pron: that, the 12, 13, 41

þam pron: to or for him, it, them; to or for the one 31, 56, 114

þas pron: this, these 58, 91, 101

þe rel pron: that, which, who 2, 10, 27, 29, 31, 37, 56, 112, 114

þeah þe conj: although, even if 2

þeaw m: usage, custom, conduct, virtue 12

geþencan: think, imagine, think of, remember 58

þeoden m: lord, chief, ruler, the Lord 95

þes pron: this 62

þinceð: seems (þincan--impers. w. dat.) 41

þis pron: this 89, 110

þisne pron: this 75, 85, 88

þisse pron: this 74

geþoht m: thought (geþohte could also be pret sing of geþencean: think, consider, ponder) 88

þonan adv: thence, from there 23

þone pron: the, that, the one 27

þonne, ðonne conj or adv: then, when 39, 45, 49, 51, 60, 70, 74, 88, 103

þrag f: time, period, season, occasion 95

þrym m: multitude, host, troop; force, power, might; glory, splendour 95

þryþ f: might, power, strength; majesty, glory, splendour; troop, multitude, host 99

þy pron: so much the 49

geþyldig adj: patient 65

U

uhte f: dawn, twilight 8

under prep: under, beneath 96, 107

us pron: us, to us, for us 115

W

wac adj: weak, soft, feeble, cowardly, frail, mean, poor 67

wadan: traverse, move over, stride across, wade 5, 24

wælgifre adj: greedy for carnage, bloodthirsty, murderous 100

wælsleaht m: slaughter, carnage, deadly battle 7, 91

wæpen n: weapon, (sometimes specifically) sword 100

wære: should have been, might have been (pret. subj. of beon) 96

waldend m: ruler, leader, lord, king 78 (pl.)

wanhydig adj: careless, reckless, rash 67

warian: hold, possess, attend; inhabit 32

wat: know, knows (1st or 3rd pers sing pres indic of witan) 11, 29, 37

gewat: departed, passed away (gewítan) 95

waþem m: wave, stream, sea 24, 57

weall, weal m: wall 76, 80, 98

wealsteal m: place of walls, foundation 88

weg m: way, road, path 46, 53

wel adv: well 114

wela m: prosperity, happiness, riches 74

wenian: accustom, train; entertain, treat 29, 36

geweorc n: structure, edifice, work, workmanship, fortification 87

weorþan: become, be 64, 110

weoruld f: world, life, age, humanity, epoch 107

wer m: man, hero 64

werig adj: weary, exhausted, sad, miserable 15, 57

weste: waste, deserted, barren, uninhabited, empty 74

wig n: battle, war, strife, contest; military force, army 80

wiga m: warrior, man 67

wille: will, should want to (willan) 14, 72

wind m: wind 76

winedryhten m: beloved lord, dear king, friendly lord 37

wineleas adj: friendless, lordless 45

winemæg m: dear relative, lordly kinsman 7

winsæl n: wine-hall 78

wintercearig adj: winter-sorrowful 24

winter m: winter, (in pl.) year 65, 103

wis adj: wise, learned, prudent, experienced 64, 88?

wise adv: wisely 88?

wisse: may know, might know (witan) 27

wist f: abundance, plenty; food, meal, feast, delicacy 36

wita m: wise man, councillor 65

wiðstondan: withstand, resist, oppose

wlonc adj: splendid, magnificent, rich; boastful, arrogant, pround 80

wolde: would (willan) 28

woma m: noise, howling, tumult; terror, alarm 103

won adj: dark, dusky 103

word n: word 91

worian: totter, crumble 78

worn m: many, a large number (with gen.) 91

woruld f: world, age, epoch, life 58, 74

woruldrice n: earthly kingdom, kingdom of the earth 65

wræclast m: track of exile, wretched trail 5, 32

wraþ adj: angry, hostile, grievous, terrible, bitter 7

wulf m: wolf 82

wunden past part: twisted, wound 32

wundrum n dat pl as adv: wonderfully, strangely, terribly 98

wynn f: joy, delight, pleasure 29, 36

wyrd f: fate, destiny, Providence 5, 15, 100, 107

wyrmlic n: body of a worm/snake/dragon? image of a worm/snake/dragon? 98

Y

yþde: laid waste, made barren, devastated, destroyed (yþan) 85