Glossary for Cynewulf and Cyneheard

& conj: and

ac conj.: but, however, and

adræfan str vb: to drive out, exile
adræfde
3rd pers sing pret indic

æfter prep: after

ær adv.: before, previously

æt prep: at, from

æþelbald prop n.: Æþelbald, king of the Mercians

æþeling str m noun: prince, atheling (in reference to Cyneheard)
æþelinges
gen sing

agen adj. own
agenne
acc sing masc

ealdor str n noun: life, age
aldor
acc sing

aldormon str m noun: nobleman
aldormonnes
gen sing

an adj.: a, an, one, only
anne acc sing masc
anum dat sing masc, neut

Andred prop n: Andred or Andredesweald was a forest dividing Kent and Sussex

Angelþeow Offing prop n.: Angelþeow (father of Eomær) son of Offa

Ascanmynster prop n: Axminster, Devon

geascian wk vb: learn by asking, discover
geascode 3rd pers sing pret indic

bana wk m noun: slayer
banan
acc sing

gebære str n noun: behaviour, including (here, presumably) outcries
ge
bærum dat pl

beæftan prep w. dat: behind

gebeodan str vb: offer
ge
bead 3rd pers sing pret indic
geboden past participle

began anomalous vb: to go around, surround
beeode
1st pers sing pret indic

belucan str vb: contain, lock shut
belocen
past participle

beniman str vb: to deprive
benam
3rd pers sing pret indic

beodan str vb: to command, offer
budon
3rd pers pl pret indic

beon anomalous vb: to be
nære
ne + wære, 3rd pers sing pret subj: was not
wære 2nd, 3rd pers sing pret subj
wæron
, wærun, wæran 3rd pers pl pret indic
wæs
1st, 3rd pers sing pret indic

Beornræd prop n: Beornred, king of the Mercians

beridan str vb: ride up to, overtake
berad
3rd pers sing pret indic

biscepdom str m noun: bishopric
biscepdome dat sing

Bretwalas str m pl noun: the Britons
Bretwalum
dat pl

broþur anomalous noun: brother

Bryttisc adj.: British; pertaining to the Britons or Celtic inhabitants of the island of Britain
Bryttiscum
dat sing masc

bur str m noun: bed-chamber, private room, private sleeping building

burg str f noun: stonghold, enclosure
byrig dat sing

butan, buton prep: without, only, outside of, except for

c Roman num: one hundred

Cantware prop n pl: people of Kent;
gen pl in Cantwara burg Canterbury

Cerdic prop n: Cerdic
Cerdice
dat sing

Cnebba Iceling prop n: Cnebba (father of Cynewald) son of Icel

Creoda Cynewalding prop n: Creoda (father of Pybba) son of Cynewald

cweðan str vb: to say
cuædon
3rd pers pl pret indic

Cumbra prop. n.: Cumbra
Cumbran
acc sing

Cuþred prop n: Cuþred, king of the West Saxons

Cyneheard prop n: Cyneheard (in 754 entry) a bishop of Winchester;
Cyneheard (in 755 entry) the brother of Sigebryht, who was the king of Wessex deposed by Cynewulf

Cynewald Cnebing prop n: Cynewald (father of Creoda) son of Cnebba

Cynewulf prop n: Cyenewulf, king of the West Saxons

cyning str m noun: king
cyninge
, kyninge dat sing
cyninges
gen sing

cyðan str vb: to reveal, make known
cyþdon
3rd pers pl pret indic

dæd str f noun: deed
dædum
dat pl

dæg str m noun: day
daga
gen pl

dom str m noun: judgement

duru str f noun: door

eall adj.: all
alle
nom/acc pl masc

Eanwulf Osmoding prop n: Eanwulf (father of Thincgferth) son of Osmod

Eawa Pybing prop n: Eawa son of Pybba (father of Osmod)

Egfer prop n: Ecgferþ, king of the Mercians, son of Offa

Eomær Angelþowing prop n.: Eomær (father of Icel) son of Angelþeow

eower poss adj. your
eowre
nom pl masc

feohtan str vb: to fight
feaht
3rd pers sing pret indic
feohtende pres participle

fon str vb: to catch, seize; fon to rice accede to the throne, become king
feng
3rd pers sing pres indic

feoh str n noun: money
feos gen sing

gefeoht str n noun: battle, fight
ge
feohtum dat pl

gefera wk m noun: companion, comrade
ge
feran acc sing, nom pl
geferum dat pl

feorh str n noun: life

flode wk f noun: ford, channel
flodan
dat sing

folgian wk vb w. dat: to follow

for prep: for, because of, before

forbærnan str vb: to burn up
forbærn
3rd pers sing pret indic

forðferan str vb: to die
forþferde
3rd pers sing pret indic

from adv.: away

feolan str vb: to penetrate
fulgon
3rd pers pl pret indic

gan anomalous vb.: go, walk
gæþ
3rd pers sing pres indic
eode 3rd pers sing pret indic
eodon
3rd pers pl pret indic/subj

gear str n noun: year
geare
dat sing

gearo adj: ready, prepared

geat str n noun: gate
gatu
acc pl

gif conj.: if

gisl str m noun: hostage
gisle
dat sing

godsunu str m noun: godson

habban str vb: to have, hold
hæfde
3rd pers sing pret indic
hæfdon
3rd pers pl pret indic

Hamtunscrir f: Hampshire
Hamtunscire
dat sing

hatan str vb: to name, order, command
haten
past participle

he 3rd pers pron masc: he, it
hie acc sing fem, nom pl, acc pl: her, it they, them
hiera
gen pl: their, of them
him
dat masc/neut sing, dat pl: (to) him, them
hine/hiene
acc masc sing: him
his
gen masc/neut sing: his
hit
nom/acc neut sing: it

healdan str vb: to hold, keep, rule
heold
3rd pers sing pret indic

her adv.: here; (in Chronicle) in this year

gehieran str vb: hear
ge
hierdun 3rd pers pl pret indic

hlaford str m noun: lord, master

hraþe adj.: quick
radost superl

Hreopadun prop n: place Repton, Derbyshire

Hunferþ prop n: Bishop Hunferþ of Winchester, succeeded by Cyneheard
Hunferþe dat sing

hwelc interrogative pron.: which, what

gehwelc pron. adj.: each
ge
hwelcum dat sing masc

hwil str f noun: time, while
hwile
dat sing

Icel Eomæring prop n: Icel (father of Cnebba) son of Eomær

ilca adj., pron: same, the same
ilcan
dat sing neut
ilce
acc sing neut (þæt ilce: the same thing)

inne adv: inside, within

irnan str vb: to run
urnon 3rd pers pl pret indic

læfan str vb: to leave, bequeath
læfde
3rd pers sing pret indic

lange adv: long, for a long time
lengest
superl

leof adj: beloved, dear
leofra
compar nom sing masc: dearer

lic str n noun: body

licgan str vb: lie, lie dead
læg
3rd pers sing pret indic
lægon
3rd pers pl pret indic
liþ 3rd pers sing pres indic

locian str vb: to look
locude
3rd pers sing pret indic

land str n noun: land country
londes
gen sing

lytel adj: little
lytle
istrumental sing neut

ma adj., noun, adv: more (þon ma þe any more than)

mæg str m noun: kinsman
mægas
nom pl
mægum
dat pl

mann str m noun: man, person
men
nom pl, acc pl
mon nom sing

Merantun prop n: Merton
Merantune
dat sing

metan str vb: to meet, to encounter
metton
3rd pers pl pret indic

micel adj: great, severe;
miclum dat pl (as adv: greatly)

mid prep: with, amid

Mierce prop n: Mercia, the Mercians
Miercna gen pl

morgen str m noun: morning
morgenne
dat sing

næfre adv: never

nænig pron: none, no one

ne adv., conj.: not, nor

generian str vb: to save protect
ge
nerede 3rd pers sing pret indic

nellan ne + willan, wk vb: to be unwilling, to not want;
noldon pl pret indic

Offa prop. n: Offa, king of the Mercians
Offa Wærmunding
prop n: Offa (father of Angelþeow) son of Wærmund

ofslean str vb: slay, destroy
ofslægen
past participle
ofslægene
nom pl masc
ofslægenne acc sing masc
ofslog
3rd pers sing pret indic
ofslogon
3rd pers pl pret indic

ofstingan str vb: to stab to death
ofstang
3rd pers sing pret indic

oft adv: often

on prep: on, upon, against, into

onfon str vb: to receive, accept
onfeng
3rd pers sing pret indic

onfindan str vb: to discover, realize
onfunden
3rd pers pl pret subj
onfundon
3rd pers pl pret indic

ongietan str vb: to understand, perceive
ongeat
3rd pers sing pret indic

onmunan vb pret., pres w. gen: pay attention to
onmunden 3rd pers pl pret subj

Osmod Eawing prop n: Osmod (father of Eanwulf) son of Eawa

Osric prop n: Osric, ealdorman of Cynewulf

prep w.a.: until
oþþæt
conj.: until

Pryfetes prop n: Privett (a place name)

Pybba Creoding prop n: Pybba (father of Eawa) son of Creoda

rice str n noun: kingdom, reign
rices
gen sing
rice
dat sing, acc sing

ricsian wk vb: reign
ricsode
3rd pers sing pret indic

ridan str vb: to ride
ridon
3rd pers pl pret indic

ryhtfæderencyn str n noun: direct paternal ancestry

se dem. pron.: the, that
þa fem acc sing, nom pl, acc pl
þære
fem gen/dat sing
þæs
masc or neut gen sing
þæt / tæt
nom/acc neut sing
þam
dat neut sing, dat pl
þone
acc sing masc
þy
instrumental, sing neut/masc

Seaxe prop n: the Saxons
Seaxna gen pl

Seccandun prop n: Seckington, Warwickshire
Seccandune dat sing

Sigebryht prop n: Sigebryht, king of the West Saxons
Sigebryhtes
gen sing

simle adv.: always

gesund adj.: unharmed, whole
ge
sunde nom pl masc

sunu str m noun: son

swa adv.: thus, so (swa hwelc swa whoever)

swan str m noun: swineherd

swiþe adv: very

to prep w.d.: to, into

þæs adv.: afterwards (þæs þe after)

þa adv: then, when

þær adv., conj.: there

þæt conj: that, so that

þe relative particle: that, who, which

þeah adv.: though, yet, however

þegn str m noun: nobleman, thane, warrior
þegnas
nom pl

geþicgean str vb: to accept

þider adv.: thither, to that place

Þincgferþ Eanwulfing Þincgferþ (father of Offa) son of Eanwulf

þincgferþing prop n.: the son of Þincgferþ

þonne conj: then, when; (with comparatives) than

ungefealice adv.: miserably

unheanlice adv.: undisgracefully, not ignobly

unnan pret. pres. w.d. of person and g. of thing: grant, allow
uþon 3rd pers pl pret subj

unryht adj.: unjust
unryhtum
dat pl fem

unstilnesse str f noun: disturbance

utan adv.: from without

utræsan vb: to rush out
utræsde 3rd pers sing pret indic

Wærmund Wyhtlæging prop n.; Wærmund (father of Offa) son of Wihtlæg

weorðan str vb: to become, happen
wearþ
3rd pers sing pret indic

werian str vb.: to defend, protect
werede
3rd pers sing pret indic

werod str n noun: troop, company
werode
dat sing

Wesseaxe prop n: West Saxons, Wessex
West Seaxna, Wesseaxna gen pl

wifcyþþ a visit to a woman, intercourse with a woman
wifcyþþe dat sing

Wiferþ prop n: Wiferth

wif str n noun: woman, wife
wifes
gen sing

Wihtlæg Wodening prop n: Wihtlæg (father of Wærmund) son of Woden (the Anglo-Saxon god corresponding to Odin, the chief of the gods in Norse mythology)

Wintanceaster prop n: Winchester
Wintanceastre
acc sing

winter str m noun: winter, year
wintra
gen pl

willan anomalous vb.: wish, desire, will
wolde 3rd pers sing pret indic
nolde ( = ne wolde: would not) 3rd pers sing pret indic

wita str m noun: wise man, counsellor
wiotan
nom pl council, assembly

wiþ, uuiþ prep w.a.d. : against, in return for

wrecan str vb: to avenge
wræc
3rd pers sing pret indic

wunian wk vb: dwell, occupy, subsist
wunade
, wunode 3rd pers sing pret indic

gewundian wk vb: to wound
gewundad
past participle
gewundode
3rd pers sing pret indic

ymb prep w.a.: after, at; around, about

xli Roman num: forty-one

xxxi Roman num: thirty-one

xxxviiii Roman num: thirty-nine

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