"Measuring, Visualising, and Simulating Solutions to the Learning Crisis: New Evidence from Learning Profiles in 18 Countries"

After analysing foundational numeracy and literacy data across 18 countries this paper found that learning profiles are varied, shallow, and flat. Various simulations show that increasing attainment and enrollment, or closing in-country gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged children, would address only a small piece of the learning crisis and that education systems change is necessary to increase learning for all children.