E06551: Aldhelm, in his prose On Virginity, names *Clement (bishop of Rome, martyr of the Crimea, S00111) as an exemplary virgin. Written in Latin in southern Britain, for the nuns at the monastery at Barking (south-east Britain), c. 675/686.
online resource
posted on 2018-09-20, 00:00authored bybsavill
Aldhelm, prose On Virginity, 25
Clemens, caelestis clavicularii primus successor et secundus Romanae ecclesiae dispensator, quamquam nonnulli Linum et Ancletum in pontificatus regmine nequiquam praeferant, quod caelibatus castimoniam, etiam antequam salutifero lavacri baptisterio mersus ab originali piaculo purgaretur, medullitus dilexerit, ipse propriis litterarum apicibus propalat dicens: Ego Clemens in urbe Roma natus a prima aetate pudicitiae studium gessi [...]
'CLEMENT, the first successor of the celestial key-bearer [i.e. St Peter] and the second steward of the Roman Church – although some people, without any grounds, place Linus and Ancletus before him in the government of the papacy – makes manifest in the very writing of his own letters that he profoundly loved the chastity of the celibate life even before he was purged of original sin (by being) immersed in the redeeming baptistry of the font, by saying, "I Clement, born in the city of Rome, pursued the study of chastity from my earliest infancy" [...]'
Text: Ehwald 1919, 257. Translation: Lapidge and Herren 1979, 82.
History
Evidence ID
E06551
Saint Name
Clement/Clemens, bishop and martyr of Rome : S00111
Aldhelm’s prose treatise On Virginity (De Virginitate), for Abbess Hildelith and the nuns of Barking (south-east Britain), survives in twenty manuscripts, the earliest of which are 9th c. Together with its later, poetic counterpart, it forms what Bede described in 731 as a ‘twinned work’ (opus geminatum), although there is a notable difference between the content and style of the two sections, the second part constituting more than a straightforward ‘versification’ of the first (see E06659).
Aldhelm (ob. 709/10) appears to have been a son of Centwine, king of the Gewisse or West Saxons (south-west Britain) from 676 until 682/5, when he abdicated and retired to a monastery. We do not know when Aldhelm himself took religious vows, but he definitely attended, perhaps for many years, Archbishop Theodore and Abbot Hadrian’s school at Canterbury (from shortly after 670?), and possibly studied at the Irish foundation of Iona, off the coast of north-west Britain (perhaps in the 660s?). Around 682/6 he became abbot of the West Saxon monastery of Malmesbury, and in 689 probably accompanied King Cædwalla on his pilgrimage to Rome (see E05710 and E06661). In 705/6 he was appointed ‘bishop west of the wood’ in his home kingdom (later identifiable with the diocese of Sherborne). (For all aspects of Aldhelm’s career see now Lapidge, 2007.)
At the core of On Virginity is a lengthy catalogue of exemplary virgins, first men (Old Testament prophets; New Testament figures; martyrs and other saints of the Roman Empire), then women (Mary; martyrs and other saints of the Empire), followed by some remarks on a group of non-virginal, Old Testament sancti who in some sense prefigured Christ. As with Bede in his Marytrology (725/31), Aldhelm makes good use of Roman Martyrdoms and Acts in his accounts of many post-Biblical saints. Although he does not seem to have had the same range of hagiographical material at hand as Bede later would at the monastery of Wearmouth-Jarrow (north-east Britain), his use of the texts is more creative, and he extensively reworks them in his characteristically florid prose style.
The prose On Virginity presents difficulties with dating, but the author’s reference to himself in its preface as only a ‘servant’ (bernaculus) of the Church would seem to place it before his abbacy in 682/6 (ibid., 67-9). Meanwhile – if the twelfth-century chronicler John of Worcester is correct – Aldhelm’s chief dedicatee Hildelith only appears to have taken control over Barking in 675, thus allowing us to date the work cautiously to somewhere within 675/86. This is significant, since it suggests that the many Martyrdoms which Aldhelm used among his sources (including several translated from the Greek) were available to him in southern Britain before his probable visit to Rome in 689.
Discussion
Aldhelm's main source for this passage is the Liber Pontificalis (E00268) (Lapidge and Herren, 1979, 176).
Bibliography
Edition:
Ehwald, R., Aldhelmi opera (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores Antiquissimi 15; Berlin, 1919).
Translation:
Lapidge, M., and Herren, M., Aldhelm, The Prose Works (Cambridge, 1979).
Further reading:
Lapidge, M., "The Career of Aldhelm," Anglo-Saxon England 36 (2007), 15-69.