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E06538: Aldhelm, in his prose On Virginity, names *Daniel (Old Testament prophet, S00727) as an exemplary virgin. Written in Latin in southern Britain, for the nuns at the monastery at Barking (south-east Britain), c. 675/686.

online resource

posted on 2018-09-18, 00:00 authored by bsavill

Aldhelm, prose On Virginity, 21

Daniel vero, praesago nominis vocabulo iudicium Dei, ob indaganda secretorum arcana ab archangelo saepe vir desideriorum vocitatus, usque supremam fugacis vitae clausulam gratissimum spontaneae virginitatis munus velut flagrantis incensi thimiama patri spirituum ultroneus obtulisse memoratur. Is denique nondum clangente evangelica bucina 'qui potest capere, capiat' immunis tamen ab omni spurcitia carnali et securus ab illecebrarum colludio pudicissimus extitisse liquido declaratur. Cui pro vicissitudine castitatis repensanda prae ceteris mortalibus abdita patescunt et misticis sacramentorum opercults clausa caelitus reserantur [...]

'DANIEL - through the prophetic meaning of his name 'the judgment of God,' (and) often called 'the man of desires' by the archangel on account of his investigating the hidden recesses of secrets - is recorded to have offered up the most pleasing gift of voluntary virginity, like the fragrance of burning incense to the father of odours, up to the final conclusion of this fleeting life. He, in fact, with the evangelic trumpet not yet blaring out 'he that can take, let him take it' [Matth. 19:12], immune nonetheless from all carnal filth and secure from the deceptions of allurements, is clearly stated to have been completely pure. To him above all other mortals, as a reward in exchange for his chastity, hidden things lie open and things closed in the mystical coverings of the sacraments are divinely unlocked [...]'

Text: Ehwald 1919, 250-51. Translation: Lapidge and Herren 1979, 77.

History

Evidence ID

E06538

Saint Name

Daniel, Old Testament prophet : S00727

Saint Name in Source

Daniel

Related Saint Records

https://oxford.figshare.com/articles/Daniel_Old_Testament_prophet/13731007

Type of Evidence

Literary - Other

Language

Latin

Evidence not before

675

Evidence not after

686

Activity not before

675

Activity not after

686

Place of Evidence - Region

Britain and Ireland

Place of evidence - City name in other Language(s)

St Albans St Albans Verulamium

Major author/Major anonymous work

Aldhelm

Cult activities - Non Liturgical Practices and Customs

Composing and translating saint-related texts

Cult Activities - Miracles

Miracle during lifetime Revelation of hidden knowledge (past, present and future)

Cult Activities - Protagonists in Cult and Narratives

Ecclesiastics - monks/nuns/hermits

Source

Aldhelm’s prose treatise On Virginity (De Virginitate), for Abbess Hildelith and the nuns of Barking (south-east Britain), survives in twenty manuscripts, the earliest of which are 9th c. Together with its later, poetic counterpart, it forms what Bede described in 731 as a ‘twinned work’ (opus geminatum), although there is a notable difference between the content and style of the two sections, the second part constituting more than a straightforward ‘versification’ of the first (see E06659). Aldhelm (ob. 709/10) appears to have been a son of Centwine, king of the Gewisse or West Saxons (south-west Britain) from 676 until 682/5, when he abdicated and retired to a monastery. We do not know when Aldhelm himself took religious vows, but he definitely attended, perhaps for many years, Archbishop Theodore and Abbot Hadrian’s school at Canterbury (from shortly after 670?), and possibly studied at the Irish foundation of Iona, off the coast of north-west Britain (perhaps in the 660s?). Around 682/6 he became abbot of the West Saxon monastery of Malmesbury, and in 689 probably accompanied King Cædwalla on his pilgrimage to Rome (see E05710 and E06661). In 705/6 he was appointed ‘bishop west of the wood’ in his home kingdom (later identifiable with the diocese of Sherborne). (For all aspects of Aldhelm’s career see now Lapidge, 2007.) At the core of On Virginity is a lengthy catalogue of exemplary virgins, first men (Old Testament prophets; New Testament figures; martyrs and other saints of the Roman Empire), then women (Mary; martyrs and other saints of the Empire), followed by some remarks on a group of non-virginal, Old Testament sancti who in some sense prefigured Christ. As with Bede in his Marytrology (725/31), Aldhelm makes good use of Roman Martyrdoms and Acts in his accounts of many post-Biblical saints. Although he does not seem to have had the same range of hagiographical material at hand as Bede later would at the monastery of Wearmouth-Jarrow (north-east Britain), his use of the texts is more creative, and he extensively reworks them in his characteristically florid prose style. The prose On Virginity presents difficulties with dating, but the author’s reference to himself in its preface as only a ‘servant’ (bernaculus) of the Church would seem to place it before his abbacy in 682/6 (ibid., 67-9). Meanwhile – if the twelfth-century chronicler John of Worcester is correct – Aldhelm’s chief dedicatee Hildelith only appears to have taken control over Barking in 675, thus allowing us to date the work cautiously to somewhere within 675/86. This is significant, since it suggests that the many Martyrdoms which Aldhelm used among his sources (including several translated from the Greek) were available to him in southern Britain before his probable visit to Rome in 689.

Discussion

Aldhelm's main sources for this passage are Biblical: Daniel 1:8-10, 2:32-4, 3:1-19, 4:7, 8:5-24, 9:24 (Lapidge and Herren, 1979, 176).

Bibliography

Edition: Ehwald, R., Aldhelmi opera (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores Antiquissimi 15; Berlin, 1919). Translation: Lapidge, M., and Herren, M., Aldhelm, The Prose Works (Cambridge, 1979). Further reading: Lapidge, M., "The Career of Aldhelm," Anglo-Saxon England 36 (2007), 15-69.