E05858: The Calendar of Willibrord, in its earliest version, records the feasts of various saints in August. Written in Latin at Echternach, Frisia (north-east Gaul), 703/710.

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posted on 2018-06-22, 00:00 authored by bsavill

The Calendar of Willibrord records in August the feasts of the following saints:

*Maccabean martyrs (pre-Christian Jewish martyrs of Antioch, S00303)
*Oswald (king of the Northumbrians, ob. 642, S02187)
*Xystus/Sixtus II (bishop and martyr of Rome, S00201)
*Laurentius (deacon and martyr of Rome, S00037)
*Gauricus (bishop of Cambrai, ob. 624/627, S02205)
*Helena (probably the mother of Constantine, ob. 328, S00185)
*Hippolytus (martyr of Rome, S00509)
*Mary (mother of Christ, S00033)
*Timotheus and Apollinaris (martyrs of Reims, Gaul, S00329)
*Bartholomew (the Apostle, S00526)
*Augustine (bishop of Hippo, ob. 430, S00077)
*Faustinus (bishop of uncertain identity, S02196)
*John the Baptist (S00020)
*Paulinus (bishop of Trier, ob. 358, S00427)

Paris, Bibliothéque nationale de France, Lat. 10837, f. 38

Kalendas Agusti machabaeorum vii fratrum cum matre
iiii
iii
ii
nonas osualdi regis
viii sancti syxti episcopi
vii
vi
v
iiii laurenti diaconi rome
iii DEPOSITIO SANCTI GAURICI EPISCOPI ET SANCTAE HAELINAE
ii
idus yppoliti martiris
xviiii kalendas septembris
xviii
xvii sanctae mariae
xvi
xv
xiiii
xiii
xii
xi
x autumnus dies
viiii timothei et apolinaris
viii natale bartholomei apostoli
vii
vi
v agustini et faustini episcoporum
iiii passio iohannis babtistae
iii
ii paulini episcopi treueris

'1 August - Seven Maccabean brothers with their mother
2
3
4
5 - Oswald, king
6 - Saint Xystus, bishop
7
8
9
10 - Laurence, deacon of Rome
11 - FEAST OF THE LAYING TO REST OF SAINT GAURICUS, BISHOP, AND SAINT HELENA
12
13 - Hippolytus, martyr
14
15
16 - Saint Mary
17
18
19
20
21
22
23 - autumn day(s)
24 - Timotheus and Apollinaris
25 - Feast of Bartholomew the Apostle
26
27
28 - Augustine and Faustinus, bishops
29 - Passion of John the Baptist
30
31 - Paulinus, bishop of Trier'

Text: Wilson 1918, 10 (adapted: Wilson's 'first hand' in roman type, 'second hand' in italics, 'Frankish uncial' in majuscule, later annotations omitted).
Translation: B. Savill.

History

Evidence ID

E05858

Saint Name

Maccabean Martyrs, pre-Christian Jewish martyrs of Antioch : S00303 Oswald, king of the Northumbrians (northern Britain), ob. 642 : S02187 Xystus/Sixtus II, bishop and martyr of Rome : S00201 Laurence/Laurentius, deacon and martyr of Rome : S00037

Saint Name in Source

Machabaei fratres cum matre Osualdus Syxtus Laurentus Yppolitus Maria Timotheus et Apolinaris Bartholomeus Agustinus Faustinus Iohannes Babtista Paulinus Gauricus Haelina

Related Saint Records

Image Caption 1

Paris, BnF, Lat. 10837, f. 38 (source: gallica.bnf.fr)

Type of Evidence

Liturgical texts - Calendars and martyrologies Late antique original manuscripts - Parchment codex

Language

Latin

Evidence not before

703

Evidence not after

710

Activity not before

703

Activity not after

710

Place of Evidence - Region

Gaul and Frankish kingdoms

Place of Evidence - City, village, etc

Echternach

Place of evidence - City name in other Language(s)

Echternach Tours Tours Toronica urbs Prisciniacensim vicus Pressigny Turonorum civitas Ceratensis vicus Céré

Major author/Major anonymous work

The Calendar of Willibrord

Cult activities - Festivals

Saint’s feast

Source

A liturgical calendar directly associated with Willibrord (archbishop of the Frisians, 695-739; abbot of Echternach, 697/8-739) survives as a contemporary manuscript in Paris, BnF, Lat. 10837, ff. 34v-40, where it immediately follows a version of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum of approximately the same date and provenance. Although it exceeds our database’s cut-off point of AD 700 by some three to ten years, the Calendar of Willibrord is included here since it almost certainly provides a key witness to cultic and liturgical practices in Britain and Ireland at the close of the 7th century – something not afforded by the relatively meagre contemporary Insular evidence. Willibrord was born in Deira, Northumbria (northern Britain) in 657/8, and given as an oblate to the monastery of Ripon in 664. He left Britain for Ireland in 678, possibly under compulsion after the sudden fall from power that same year of his abbot and mentor, Bishop Wilfrid. He lived at the Irish monastery of Rath Melsigi until 690, before travelling to north-east Francia and embarking on his missionary career as 'apostle of the Frisians'. Pope Sergius I ordained Willibrord as archbishop in Rome in 695, and although he appears to have based his see at Utrecht, most sources suggest that his new monastic foundation at Echternach (near the modern-day Germany-Luxembourg border) served as his main ecclesiastical centre. Echternach’s early scriptorium almost certainly produced the Calendar. A lunar cycle for the years 703-21 appended to the text indicates the widest possible time frame for its original composition, and moreover suggests a date within that cycle’s first few years. Meanwhile, the absence of any entry for Willbrord’s mentor Bishop Wilfrid (ob. 24 April, 710), whom we know was cultivated as a saint almost immediately after his death, strongly suggests against any date later than 710. The Calendar includes no identifiable saints later than Pope Sergius I (ob. 701) and Lambert, bishop of Maastricht and patron saint of Liège (ob. c. 701/5). On palaeographical grounds, we can date the so-called 'first' and 'second' Insular uncial hands of the Calendar, plus two entries in Frankish uncial, to the early 8th century, and we have treated these here as comprising the effectively 'original' form of the Calendar. The manuscript does, however, also include numerous later interpolations and annotations (including an autobiographical entry by Willibrord himself, from 728), which belong to various hands from across the 8th and 9th centuries, and cannot always be dated precisely (Hen 1995). We have, therefore, not included these later entries in our database.

Discussion

Oswald (Aug. 5): his appearance in the Calendar of Willibrord corroborates the following note from Bede (writing in 731): 'The most reverend Bishop Acca is accustomed to tell how, when he was on his way to Rome, he and his own Bishop Wilfrid stayed with the saintly Willibrord, archbishop of the Frisians, and often heard the archbishop describe the miracles which happened in that prouincia at the relics of the most revered king. He also related how, while he was still only a priest, and living a pilgrim's life in Ireland out of love for his eternal fatherland, the fame of Oswald's sanctity had spread far and wide in that island too...' (Ecclesiastical History, 3.13). Gauricus and Helena (Aug. 11): one of two entries in a distinctive north-Frankish (rather than Insular) uncial hand in the Calendar. McKitterick (1994, 374, 384-5) suggests that this probably reflects the input of pre-existing Frankish scribal personnel from within the Trier diocese, possibly even women religious. Gauricus/Géry was a 6th and 7th century bishop of Cambrai and perhaps earlier (before 584/90) a deacon of Trier, and so of obvious local interest. Both Wilson and McKitterick consider Helena unidentifiable, since her feast falls on a different day to those normally associated with Constantine's mother (May 21 and August 18), although such irregularities are not unknown elsewhere in the Calendar. In fact, a tradition would develop at Trier that the same Empress Helena had founded the cathedral, and the purported relic of her skull is still kept at the church today. It therefore seems likely that this entry does after all refer to Constantine's mother, and moreover represents one of the earliest pieces of evidence for her cult. Mary (Aug. 16): preceded by an erasure in the MS, which Wilson suggests read natiuitas. Timotheus and Apollinaris (Aug. 24): almost invisible in the MS, apparently the result of a later erasure. Faustinus (Aug. 28): Wilson assumes, apparently based on his pairing with Augustine, that this was another North African bishop. See Wilson, 1918, 35-8, for a full commentary.

Bibliography

Edition: The Calendar of St. Willibrord from Paris Lat. 10837: A Facsimile, with Transcription, Introduction and Notes, ed. H.A. Wilson (London, 1918). Further reading: Costambeys, M., "Willibrord [St Willibrord] (657/8-739)," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004), https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/29576 Hen, Y., Culture and Religion in Merovingian Gaul, AD 481-751 (Leiden, 1995), 102-6. McKitterick, R., "Frankish Uncial: A New Context for the Work of the Echternach Scriptorium," in: A. Weiler and P. Bange (eds.), Willibrord zijn wereld en zijn werk (Nijmegen, 1990), 374-88; repr. in R. McKitterick, Books, Scribes and Learning in the Frankish Kingdoms, 6th-9th Centuries (Aldershot, 1994), part V. Netzer, N., "The Early Scriptorium at Echternach: The State of the Question," in: G. Kiesel and J. Schroeder (eds.), Willibrord. Apostel der Niederande, Gründer der Abtei Echternach (Luxembourg, 1990), 127-34.

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Keywords

S00303 S02187 S00201 S00037 S00509 S00033 S00329 S00256 S00077 S02196 S00020 S00427 S02205 S00185 History

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