E02829: Two inscribed clay discs (eulogiae) from the sanctuary of the Refuge (kataphyge) of *Elisabeth (mother of John the Baptist, S01328) at 'Ein Kerem (near Jerusalem). One found in Jerusalem, near the Temple Mount, and the other preserved in the collection of Bobbio (Italy). Probably 6th or 7th c.
Upper fragment of a brown clay disc. About one third of the circumference is preserved. Original diameter: c. 0.08 m. The centre was apparently decorated with a scene showing a tower or staircase with a cross on top. The outer band bears an inscription which was plausibly restored based on the text from Disc 2 (below). Letter height 0.005-0.006 m.
Found in Area XV, to the south of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, in a room near the courtyard of the 'Monastery of the Virgins' (Locus 15019). Now at the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. First published by Leah Di Segni in 2003, and republished by her in 2012 in the Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae.
'[+] A blessing of the Lord from the Refuge [of Saint Elisabeth.]'
Text: CIIP 1/2, no. App. 39*. Translation: L. Di Segni.
Disc 2 (Bobbio):
An almost completely preserved clay disc. The centre of the disc shows a running woman with nimbus (Elisabeth) holding a child (John the Baptist). They seek shelter from an armed soldier. An angel floats above them and points to a rock with a rod; next to the soldier is an unidentified plant.
In the collection of eulogiae of the abbey of Bobbio (northern Italy). First published by Bellarmino Bagatti in 1947 (?). In 1958 discussed anew by André Grabar in his work on the ampullae from Monza and Bobbio.
Inscriptions - Inscribed objects
Images and objects - Lamps, ampullae and tokens
Images and objects - Narrative scenes
Language
Greek
Evidence not before
500
Evidence not after
700
Activity not before
500
Activity not after
700
Place of Evidence - Region
Palestine with Sinai
Palestine with Sinai
Place of Evidence - City, village, etc
Jerusalem
'Ein Kerem
Place of evidence - City name in other Language(s)
Jerusalem
Caesarea Maritima
Καισάρεια
Kaisareia
Caesarea
Kayseri
Turris Stratonis
'Ein Kerem
Caesarea Maritima
Καισάρεια
Kaisareia
Caesarea
Kayseri
Turris Stratonis
Cult activities - Places
Cult building - independent (church)
Cult activities - Activities Accompanying Cult
Production and selling of eulogiai, tokens
Cult activities - Non Liturgical Practices and Customs
Visiting graves and shrines
Cult activities - Use of Images
Private ownership of an image
Cult Activities - Relics
Ampullae, eulogiai, tokens
Transfer/presence of relics from distant countries
Contact relic - other
Transfer, translation and deposition of relics
Cult Activities - Cult Related Objects
Ampullae, flasks, etc.
Discussion
Di Segni compares the discs and rightly concludes that, while of very similar form, they were made from different moulds. Both , however, almost certainly come from the same sanctuary of Elisabeth, mother of John the Baptist and friend of Mary, Mother of Christ, known as the Refuge of Saint Elisabeth. Elisabeth, a New Testament figure with very limited cult, is here termed ἁγία/'holy'.
The name of the shrine derives from an apocryphal legend first recorded in the Gospel of James, which says that during the Massacre of the Innocents (Matthew 2,16) Herod's soldiers pursued Elisabeth with the baby John. Miraculously, a rock opened, forming a cave where the saints could hide.
The site was identified by early Christians as 'Ein Kerem, a village southwest of Jerusalem. Di Segni notes that an unidentified church of Saint Elisabeth at 'Ein Kerem is mentioned in the Georgian calendar of Jerusalem on 28th of August, but the calendar mentions only a feast celebrated there, while that church appears in a Georgian lectionary preserved in a Parisian manuscript quoted by the editor of the calendar (EXXXX: in Echarim pago, memoria Elisabeth Iohannis Baptistae matris; Garitte 314), and that two Western relic labels on parchment, dating to the 7th or 9th c., also mention a shrine dedicated to her (EXXXX). She doubts, however, that all those references refer to one and the same church, as another tradition saw 'Ein el-Habis as the location of the holy cave.
A church precisely named 'The Church of Refuge' is first attested at 'Ein Kerem by the Russian pilgrim, Abbot Daniel, in 1106/1107. However, Di Segni argues that a cave could have been venerated there already in the late antique period, noting that our Disc 1 was found in a layer dating to the 6th or 7th c., and that Disc 2 is usually considered 6th c. work, and is certainly late antique in date. Certainly these disks, with their reference to the 'Refuge (kataphyge)' of Elisabeth and their depiction of a rock suitable to hold a cave, prove beyond doubt that there was, somewhere in the Holy Land, a cult-site associated with a cave of Elisabeth in Late Antiquity.
Bibliography
Edition:
Disc 1:
Cotton, H.M., Di Segni, L., Eck, W., Isaac, B., Kushnir-Stein, A., Misgav, H., Price, J.J., Yardeni, A. and others (eds.), Corpus inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: A Multi-Lingual Corpus of the Inscriptions from Alexander to Muhammad, vol. 1, part 2: Jerusalem, nos. 705-1120 (Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2012), no. App. 39*.
Di Segni, L., "", in: B. Mazar, E. Mazar, D. Ariel, and others, The Temple Mount Excavations in Jerusalem 1968-1978. Final Reports, vol 2: The Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods (Qedem 43, Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University, 2003), 121-122, no. 4 and Pl. I,19,4.
Disc 2:
Grabar, A., Ampoules de Terre Sainte (Monza, Bobbio), with photographs by D. Fourmont (Paris: C. Klincksieck, 1958), 44 and Pl. LVI.
Bagatti, Il Santuario della Visitazione ad 'Ain Karim (Montana Judaeae): Esplorazione archeologica e ripristino (SBF Collectio maior 5, Jerusalem: , 1948), 22-25 and Pl. 12, Ph. 25.
Bagatti, B., "L'eulogia di S. Elisabetta", La Terra Santa 22 (1947), 19-21.
Reference works:
Bulletin épigraphique (2005), 534.
Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum 49, 2065, 53, 1863.