E01868: Eusebius of Caesarea, in his Ecclesiastical History, summarises the Egyptian martyrdom account of *Potamiaina, Markella, and Basileides (martyrs of Alexandria, S00945). It is one of the earliest attestations of the belief in the power of a martyr’s posthumous prayers and intercession. Written in Greek in Palestine, 311/325.

Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History 6.5

(1.) Ἕβδομος ἐν τούτοις ἀριθμείσθω Βασιλείδης, τὴν περιβόητον Ποταμίαιναν ἀπαγαγών, περὶ ἧς πολὺς ὁ λόγος εἰς ἔτι νῦν παρὰ τοῖς ἐπιχωρίοις ᾄδεται, μυρία μὲν ὑπὲρ τῆς τοῦ σώματος ἁγνείας τε καὶ παρθενίας, ἐν ᾗ διέπρεψεν, πρὸς ἐραστὰς ἀγωνισαμένης (καὶ γὰρ οὖν αὐτῇ ἀκμαῖον πρὸς τῇ ψυχῇ καὶ τὸ τοῦ σώματος ὡραῖον ἐπήνθει), μυρία δὲ ἀνατλάσης καὶ τέλος μετὰ δεινὰς καὶ φρικτὰς εἰπεῖν βασάνους ἅμα μητρὶ Μαρκέλλῃ διὰ πυρὸς τελειωθείσης. (2.) φασί γέ τοι τὸν δικαστήν (Ἀκύλας ἦν τούτῳ ὄνομα) χαλεπὰς ἐπιθέντα αὐτῇ κατὰ παντὸς τοῦ σώματος αἰκίας, τέλος ἐφ’ ὕβρει τοῦ σώματος μονομάχοις αὐτὴν ἀπειλῆσαι παραδοῦναι· τὴν δὲ βραχύ τι πρὸς ἑαυτὴν ἐπισκεψαμένην ἐρωτηθεῖσαν ὃ κρίνειεν, τοιαύτην δοῦναι ἀπόκρισιν δι’ ἧς ἐδόκει νενομισμένον τι αὐτοῖς ἀσεβὲς ἀποφθέγξασθαι. (3.) ἅμα δὲ λόγῳ τὸν τῆς ἀποφάσεως ὅρον καταδεξαμένην ὁ Βασιλείδης, εἷς τις ὢν τῶν ἐν στρατείαις ἀναφερομένων, ἀπάγει παραλαβὼν τὴν ἐπὶ θανάτῳ. ὡς δὲ τὸ πλῆθος ἐνοχλεῖν αὐτὴν καὶ ἀκολάστοις ἐνυβρίζειν ῥήμασιν ἐπειρᾶτο, ὃ μὲν ἀνεῖργεν ἀποσοβῶν τοὺς ἐνυβρίζοντας, πλεῖστον ἔλεον καὶ φιλανθρωπίαν εἰς αὐτὴν ἐνδεικνύμενος, ἣ δὲ τῆς περὶ αὐτὴν συμπαθείας ἀποδεξαμένη τὸν ἄνδρα θαρρεῖν παρακελεύεται· ἐξαιτήσεσθαι γὰρ αὐτὸν ἀπελθοῦσαν παρὰ τοῦ ἑαυτῆς κυρίου καὶ οὐκ εἰς μακρὸν τῶν εἰς αὐτὴν πεπραγμένων τὴν ἀμοιβὴν ἀποτίσειν αὐτῷ. (4.) ταῦτα δ’ εἰποῦσαν γενναίως τὴν ἔξοδον ὑποστῆναι, πίττης ἐμπύρου κατὰ διάφορα μέρη τοῦ σώματος ἀπ’ ἄκρων ποδῶν καὶ μέχρι κορυφῆς ἠρέμα καὶ κατὰ βραχὺ περιχυθείσης αὐτῇ. (5.) καὶ ὁ μὲν τῆς ἀοιδίμου κόρης τοιοῦτος κατηγώνιστο ἆθλος· οὐ μακρὸν δὲ χρόνον διαλιπὼν ὁ Βασιλείδης ὅρκον διά τινα αἰτίαν πρὸς τῶν συστρατιωτῶν αἰτηθείς, μὴ ἐξεῖναι αὐτῷ τὸ παράπαν ὀμνύναι διεβεβαιοῦτο· Χριστιανὸν γὰρ ὑπάρχειν καὶ τοῦτο ἐμφανῶς ὁμολογεῖν. παίζειν μὲν οὖν ἐνομίζετο τέως τὰ πρῶτα, ὡς δ’ ἐπιμόνως ἀπισχυρίζετο, ἄγεται ἐπὶ τὸν δικαστήν· ἐφ’ οὗ τὴν ἔνστασιν ὁμολογήσας, δεσμοῖς παραδίδοται. (6.) τῶν δὲ κατὰ θεὸν ἀδελφῶν ὡς αὐτὸν ἀφικνουμένων καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς ἀθρόας καὶ παραδόξου ταύτης ὁρμῆς πυνθανομένων, λέγεται εἰπεῖν ὡς ἄρα Ποταμίαινα τρισὶν ὕστερον ἡμέραις τοῦ μαρτυρίου νύκτωρ ἐπιστᾶσα, στέφανον αὐτοῦ τῇ κεφαλῇ περιθεῖσα εἴη φαίη τε παρακεκληκέναι χάριν αὐτοῦ τὸν κύριον καὶ τῆς ἀξιώσεως τετυχηκέναι οὐκ εἰς μακρόν τε αὐτὸν παραλήψεσθαι. ἐπὶ τούτοις τῶν ἀδελφῶν τῆς ἐν κυρίῳ σφραγῖδος μεταδόντων αὐτῷ, τῇ μετέπειτα ἡμέρᾳ τῷ τοῦ κυρίου διαπρέψας μαρτυρίῳ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἀποτέμνεται. (7.) καὶ ἄλλοι δὲ πλείους τῶν κατ’ Ἀλεξάνδρειαν ἀθρόως τῷ Χριστοῦ λόγῳ προσελθεῖν κατὰ τοὺς δηλουμένους ἱστοροῦνται, ὡς δὴ καθ’ ὕπνους τῆς Ποταμιαίνης ἐπιφανείσης καὶ προσκεκλημένης αὐτούς. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ὧδε ἐχέτω·

'(1.) Let Basileidēs be counted the seventh among these [Origen’s disciples martyred under Septimius Severus, cf. E01853], who had led the famous Potamiaina to execution. Even today she is greatly reputed among the people of the country. For she endured countless struggles for the chastity and virginity of her body – beauty of soul and body was indeed blooming on her – and suffered endless ordeals, and finally, after tortures dreadful and terrible to speak of, she was put to death by fire, together with her mother, Marcella. (2.) They say that the judge, Akylas [Aquila] by name, inflicted severe tortures upon her entire body and, at last, threatened to hand her over to the gladiators for bodily abuse. After a little consideration, being asked what she decided, she made a reply which was regarded as impious. (3.) Once her sentence was announced to her, Basileidēs, a man in the army, led the condemned girl away. And, as the crowd attempted to molest and abuse her with shameless words, he prevented and pushed back her insulters, showing her much pity and kindness. And she, welcoming the man's sympathy for her, urged him to have courage, for she would supplicate her Lord for him after her departure, and, before long, she would pay him back for what he had done for her. (4.) Having said this, she nobly sustained her end, as burning pitch was poured little by little over various parts of her body, from her toes to the top of her head. Such was the contest fought by the illustrious maiden.
(5.) Not long after this, Basileidēs was asked by his fellow-soldiers to take an oath for some reason, but he insisted that it was not allowed to him to swear at all: he was a Christian, and he openly confessed that. At first they thought that he was joking, but, as he persistently affirmed it, he was led to the judge, and, confessing the situation before him, he was imprisoned. (6.) And when the brethren in God came to him and inquired the reason for this strange and sudden turn, he is reported to have said that Potamiaina, three days after her martyrdom, appeared to him at night, placed a crown on his head, and said that she had besought the Lord for him and had obtained what she asked, and that soon she would take him with her. Thereupon the brethren gave him the seal of the Lord [probably baptised him], and, on the next day, he was beheaded, distinguished in the Lord’s martyrdom. (7.) And, in those times, many others in Alexandria are reported to have suddenly accepted the word of Christ, after Potamiaina appeared to them in their dreams and called upon them [to convert]. But let this suffice in regard to this matter.’

Text: Schwartz et al. 1999. Translation: Efthymios Rizos.