Evidence ID
E01658Saint Name
Arbelos (unspecified) : S00870
Sarbelios, martyr of Edessa, ob. 98-117 : S00908
Sharbel and Babai, martyrs in Edessa, ob. 104 : S01126Saint Name in Source
Ἰαρβηλος, Ἀρβελος
Ἰαρβηλος, Ἀρβελος
Ἰαρβηλος, ἈρβελοςType of Evidence
Inscriptions - Formal inscriptions (stone, mosaic, etc.)
Inscriptions - Inscribed objects
Archaeological and architectural - Extant reliquaries and related fixtures
Archaeological and architectural - Cult buildings (churches, mausolea)Language
GreekEvidence not before
399Evidence not after
700Activity not before
399Activity not after
700Place of Evidence - Region
Syria with Phoenicia
Syria with Phoenicia
Syria with PhoeniciaPlace of Evidence - City, village, etc
Beroia
Kfeir Dart'Azze
Antioch on the OrontesPlace of evidence - City name in other Language(s)
Beroia
Thabbora
Thabbora
Kfeir Dart'Azze
Thabbora
Thabbora
Antioch on the Orontes
Thabbora
ThabboraCult activities - Places
Cult building - dependent (chapel, baptistery, etc.)Cult Activities - Relics
Reliquary – institutionally owned
Contact relic - oil
Making contact relicsSource
The inscriptions were found in the east church at Kfeir Dart'Azze, surveyed by Georges Tchalenko in 1964. First published by Mahmoud Chehid in 1965 in Les Annales archéologiques de Syrie in Arabic. Republished by Jacques Jarry in 1970 in the Annales islamologiques, and in 2012 by Marie-Christine Comte in Les reliquaires du Proche-Orient et de Chypre à la période protobyzantine, IVe-VIIIe siècles: formes, emplacements, fonctions et cultes. Photographs and drawings of Inscription 2 were provided by Tchalenko in 1979 and 1980. There is no published image of Inscription 1, but legible photographs are kept in the Tchalenko Archive in the British Library.
The east church was a three-aisled basilica with a semi-circular apse. The building inscription of the church (Jarry 1970, no. 34), displayed at the northwest entrance, says that it was dedicated in the 448 year of a local era, according to Jacques Jarry: the era of Antioch (= the era of Caesar, with the first year reckoned as 49 BC, the year of Caesar's death). This corresponds to AD 399/400. In the 5th c. the church was extended with a chamber in the southeast corner, connected with the aisle by an arched passage with a wooden balustrade. The village was abandoned in the 7th c.
At the site two reliquaries were found. The inscribed reliquary, the one we discuss here, was found in the southeast chamber, possibly added to the church in the 5th c. It has the form of a large cippus, on a base, without a lid. It is made of limestone and measures: H. 1.06 m; W. 0.6 m; Th. 0.46 m. The inscription is carved above two front niches. The design resembles that of reliquaries used for the production of holy oil.Discussion
Saint Arbelos (or Iarbelos, as his name may be spelt on the plaque) is otherwise unattested. He was probably a local martyr, whose relics were kept in the reliquary. The other possibility is that he was Sarbelios of Edessa, a pagan priest converted to Christianity under the emperor Trajan and martyred in that city (almost certainly a fictional figure).
Marie-Christine Comte notes that, though the reliquary had two niches, probably the relics of only one saint were kept inside. But it is still possible that two different pieces of relics were stored there.Bibliography
Edition:
Comte, M.-Ch., Les reliquaires du Proche-Orient et de Chypre à la période protobyzantine, IVe-VIIIe siècles: formes, emplacements, fonctions et cultes (Bibliothèque de l'Antiquité tardive 20, Turnhout : Brepols Publishers, 2012), 327-329.
Jarry, J., “Inscriptions arabes, syriaques et grecques du massif du Bélus en Syrie du nord (suite)”, Annales islamologiques 9 (1970), 203, nos. 35-36.
Chehid, M., Les Annales archéologiques de Syrie 15/2 (1965), 217.
Tchalenko, G., Eglises de village de la Syrie du nord, vol. 1 (Paris: Librairie orientaliste P. Geuthner, 1979), 72, fig. 134 (drawing).
Tchalenko, G., Eglises de village de la Syrie du nord, vol. 2 (Paris: Librairie orientaliste P. Geuthner, 1980), 24, fig. 66 (photograph: reliquary); fig. 68 (photograph: lintel).
Reference works:
Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum 62, 1595.